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The period between 1980 and 1985 produced tremendous activity over the perceived influence of tax ethics on noncompliance. In 1980, the Treasury Department proposed amendments to Circular 230, attempting to regulate for the first time practice standards for legal opinions used in the promotion of tax shelters. In 1982 the American Bar Association promulgated Formal Opinion 346, covering ethical and disciplinary standards for lawyers rendering opinions on tax shelter investments offered to nonclients. In 1984 the ABA Section of Taxation concluded a multiyear study of the debased quot;reasonable basisquot; standard, which prompted the ABA Committee on Ethics and Professional Responsibility to promulgate Formal Opinion 85-352, replacing the reasonable basis standard with the realistic possibility of success standard; also in 1984 Treasury issued final Circular 230 regulations. While Treasury and the ABA attacked noncompliance by addressing practice standards and ethical guidelines, Congress supplied a strengthened penalty regime in three successive tax acts aimed at both tax practitioners and taxpayers. But Treasury remained on the offensive. Responding in large part to the ABA's failure to elevate ethical standards in Opinion 85-352, Treasury sought to raise practice standards through the Circular 230 regulations and to demonstrate to tax practitioners that they had obligations both to clients and to the government. In 1986, only two years after finalizing amendments to Circular 230, Treasury issued another round of proposed amendments, which underwent withering criticism from practitioners, jealous of their right to self-regulate.
In a pluralistic society without absolute standards of judgment, how can an individual live a moral life? This is the question Robert Musil (1880-1942), an Austrian-born engineer and mathematician turned writer, asked in essays, plays, and fiction that grapple with the moral ambivalence of modern life. Though unfinished, his monumental novel of Vienna in the febrile days before World War I, The Man without Qualities, is identified by German scholars as the most important literary work of the twentieth century. In a fresh examination of his essays, notebooks, and fiction, Patrizia McBride reconstructs Musil's understanding of ethics as a realm of experience that eludes language and thought. After situating Musil's work within its contemporary cultural-philosophical horizon, as well as the historical background of rising National Socialism, McBride shows how the writer's notion of ethics as a void can be understood as a coherent and innovative response to the crises haunting Europe after World War I. She explores how Musil rejected the outdated, rationalistic morality of humanism, while simultaneously critiquing the irrationalism of contemporary art movements, including symbolism, impressionism, and expressionism. Her work reveals Musil's remarkable relevance today-particularly those aspects of his thought that made him unfashionable in his own time: a commitment to fighting ethical fundamentalism and a literary imagination that validates the pluralistic character of modern life.
How should Augustine, Plato, Calvin, Kant, Nietzsche, and Bonhoeffer be read today, in light of postcolonial theory and twenty-first-century understandings? This book offers a reader-friendly introduction to Christian liberationist ethics by having scholars "from the margins" explore how questions of race and gender should be brought to bear on twenty-four classic ethicists and philosophers. Each short chapter gives historical background for the thinker, describes that thinker's most important contributions, then raises issues of concern for women and persons of color.
The cultural Cold War in Latin America was waged as a war of values. This book charts the conflicting universals of this period, the clash between avant-garde and political vanguard.
In The Captive Stage, Douglas A. Jones, Jr. argues that proslavery ideology remained the dominant mode of racial thought in the antebellum north, even though chattel slavery had virtually disappeared from the region by the turn of the nineteenth century—and that northerners cultivated their proslavery imagination most forcefully in their performance practices. Jones explores how multiple constituencies, ranging from early national artisans and Jacksonian wage laborers to patrician elites and bourgeois social reformers, used the stage to appropriate and refashion defenses of black bondage as means to affirm their varying and often conflicting economic, political, and social objectives. Joining performance studies with literary criticism and cultural theory, he uncovers the proslavery conceptions animating a wide array of performance texts and practices, such as the “Bobalition” series of broadsides, blackface minstrelsy, stagings of the American Revolution, reform melodrama, and abolitionist discourse. Taken together, he suggests, these works did not amount to a call for the re-enslavement of African Americans but, rather, justifications for everyday and state-sanctioned racial inequities in their post-slavery society. Throughout, The Captive Stage elucidates how the proslavery imagination of the free north emerged in direct opposition to the inclusionary claims black publics enacted in their own performance cultures. In doing so, the book offers fresh contexts and readings of several forms of black cultural production, including early black nationalist parades, slave dance, the historiography of the revolutionary era, the oratory of radical abolitionists and the black convention movement, and the autobiographical and dramatic work of ex-slave William Wells Brown.
"In this book Tom Spector addresses the dilemmas of architectural practice and offers a theoretical and practical basis for an examination and transformation of the quandaries the profession now faces. The Ethical Architect is a work of theory but refers to real buildings and real-world problems. Its conclusions provide a road map for architects to address the more than 100,000 decisions that go into the design of an average-sized building.
Works of theatre that depict grievous histories derive their force from making audible voices of the past. Such performances, theatrical or tourist, require the attentive belief of spectators. This engaging new study explores how theatricality works in each instance and how 'playing the part' of the listener can be understood in ethical terms.
One of the most provocative science books ever published—"a feast of great thinking and writing about the most profound issues there are" (The New York Times Book Review). "Fiercely intelligent, beautifully written and engrossingly original." —The New York Times Book Review Are men literally born to cheat? Does monogamy actually serve women's interests? These are among the questions that have made The Moral Animaled one of the most provocative science books in recent years. Wright unveils the genetic strategies behind everything from our sexual preferences to our office politics—as well as their implications for our moral codes and public policies. Illustrations.