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Excerpt from Sixth Annual Distinguished Lectures in Special Education and Rehabilitation: Summer Session, 1967 N ow I was fostering a theory. A rather impressive theory, not new an emotional factor fighting contraction or enhancing dilation, that Operated in the face of the light to keep the stutterers pupils from con tracting as rapidly as when he was not stuttering, when he was talking freely or sitting there silently. So that was about the first time that we were up against the problem of what comes first, the hen or the egg. Here was something that clearly, sharply, statistically, neurologically, differentiated the stutterer from the normal speaker in a subtle expression. In a sense, it had nothing to do with speech directly. So we had advanced from studying speech organs to studying the organism, thinking maybe the answer to stuttering would not be found in the diaphragm, or in the intercostal muscles, or in the vocal cords, but would be found in the human being somewhere in a big ger, deeper sense. And we had found something, but we had to leave it right like that. We didn't know whether the pupil stayed up in the face of stuttering because stuttering was the result of an emotion, or whether stuttering produced an emotional reaction and that's what kept the pupils up. Possibly the inhibition of contraction had nothing to do with the cause of stuttering; it had everything to do with the person's reaction to the stuttering. So we stuck there as we have been stuck many times since. And then I had developed another 'first' I had developed equipment to record electrical potentials from muscles which were called action potentials. We could record these by putting electrodes on a muscle mass - leg, arm, or as I'll come to in a moment, speech muscles like the masseter muscles in the jaw. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.