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The mission of Army Public Affairs (PA) is to fulfill the Army's obligation to keep the American people and the Army informed, and to help establish the conditions that lead to confidence in America's Army and its readiness to conduct operations in peacetime, conflict and war. PA is a critical battlefield function in today's global information environment since every aspect of an Army operation is subject to instantaneous scrutiny. This field manual (FM) sets forth tactics, techniques and procedures (TTPs) for conducting PA operations in accordance with the doctrinal principles contained in FM 3-0 (100-5), Operations and FM 3-61 (46-1), Public Affairs Operations. Although this manual is primarily designed to be used by public affairs officers, noncommissioned officers and civilians, it presents TTPs that all leaders conducting operations in the information age should be familiar with. FM 3-61-1 (46-1-1) is applicable to units and individuals in both the active and reserve components. It serves as a foundation for integrating PA into Army doctrine, training, leader development, organization, materiel, and soldier initiatives. In conjunction with the Army Training and Evaluation Program (ARTEP) and other training guidance, it should also be used to plan, integrate and execute individual and collective PA training in units throughout the Army.
With the extremely sophisticated communication technologies of the global information environment (GIE), the nature of media coverage has a significant impact on the conduct of war and stability and support operations at the strategic, operational and tactical levels. Civilian and military news media coverage influences the perceptions of soldiers, family members, the public and political leaders, and affects the direction, range and duration of operations. It has a direct relation to the confidence these key audiences have in the Army and its execution of operations. Effective PA operations are critical to successful Army operations in the information age. They assist the commander in monitoring and understanding public opinion, explaining the situational context of events and communicating the Army's perspective clearly and without filters. They enable the commander to interpret the perceptions of external and internal audiences and influence the way in which discussion of the operation is framed. Synchronized, well-planned and actively executed PA tactics, techniques and procedures significantly clear the fog of war and impact the morale and effectiveness of the force. They reduce distractions, misinformation, uncertainty, confusion and other factors that cause stress and undermine efficient operations. They enhance understanding, acceptance and support. Effective PA operations contribute to soldier confidence, discipline, will to win, and unit cohesion. FM 3-61-1 (46-1-1), Public Affairs Tactics, Techniques and Procedures, builds on the doctrinal foundation of FM 46-1. It translates the PA fundamentals and principles into detailed guidance for the planning, coordination and execution of PA operations. It provides what is required for the information age -- a sophisticated approach to conducting PA operations. It is the TTP that brings Army Public Affairs into the "information age." FM 3-61 (46-1), Public Affairs Operations, addresses fundamental PA concepts in depth, and provides the linkage between PA and the Army's keystone doctrine, FM 3-0 (100-5), Operations. It recognizes that a refocused, restructured military will conduct operations in an information environment in which detailed, graphic, and live coverage of events are transmitted around the world. It builds from the understanding that information availability will influence strategic decisions and the direction, range and duration of operations. FM 3-61 (46-1) also examines PA operations at the different levels of war and across the range of operations. It discusses PA operations with respect to the Principles of War and the Tenets of Army Operations. It analyzes the PA contributions to build and sustain combat power, defines the PA mission, and establishes strategic PA goals, fundamental PA principles, and underlying considerations for planning integrated information strategies. Public affairs frequently deals in intangibles -- perceptions and implications -- that are not easily quantifiable or qualifiable, but are essential to commanders. The PA objectives, processes and methods presented in FM 3-61-1 (46-1-1) will assist Army leaders and PA professionals to develop solutions to the complex PA issues they will confront.
The mission of Army Public Affairs (PA) is to fulfill the Army's obligation to keep the American people and the Army informed, and to help establish the conditions that lead to confidence in America's Army and its readiness to conduct operations in peacetime, conflict and war. PA is a critical battlefield function in today's global information environment since every aspect of an Army operation is subject to instantaneous scrutiny.
This manual establishes the tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) used by individuals, teams, and units of United States (U.S.) Army and United States Marine Corps (USMC) Civil Affairs (CA) forces, as well as planners of civil-military operations (CMO) at the strategic, operational, and tactical levels of war. The TTP prescribed in this manual are used when engaging other government agencies (OGAs), indigenous populations and institutions (IPI), intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and other nonmilitary entities in support of conventional and special operations (SO) missions. This manual elaborates on doctrine contained in Field Manual (FM) 3-05.40, Civil Affairs Operations.
When the U.S. military invaded Iraq, it lacked a common understanding of the problems inherent in counterinsurgency campaigns. It had neither studied them, nor developed doctrine and tactics to deal with them. It is fair to say that in 2003, most Army officers knew more about the U.S. Civil War than they did about counterinsurgency. The U.S. Army / Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Field Manual was written to fill that void. The result of unprecedented collaboration among top U.S. military experts, scholars, and practitioners in the field, the manual espouses an approach to combat that emphasizes constant adaptation and learning, the importance of decentralized decision-making, the need to understand local politics and customs, and the key role of intelligence in winning the support of the population. The manual also emphasizes the paradoxical and often counterintuitive nature of counterinsurgency operations: sometimes the more you protect your forces, the less secure you are; sometimes the more force you use, the less effective it is; sometimes doing nothing is the best reaction. An new introduction by Sarah Sewall, director of the Carr Center for Human Rights Policy at Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government, places the manual in critical and historical perspective, explaining the significance and potential impact of this revolutionary challenge to conventional U.S. military doctrine. An attempt by our military to redefine itself in the aftermath of 9/11 and the new world of international terrorism, The U.S. Army / Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Field Manual will play a vital role in American military campaigns for years to come. The University of Chicago Press will donate a portion of the proceeds from this book to the Fisher House Foundation, a private-public partnership that supports the families of America’s injured servicemen. To learn more about the Fisher House Foundation, visit www.fisherhouse.org.
The Army believes that the U.S. will continue to be engaged in an era of ¿persistent conflict¿ -- a period of protracted confrontation among states, non-state, and individual actors increasingly willing to use violence to achieve their political and ideological ends. This manual is a revolutionary departure from past doctrine. Commanders will employ offensive, defensive, and civil support operations simultaneously as part of an interdependent joint force to seize, retain, and exploit the initiative, accepting prudent risk to create opportunities to achieve decisive results. This ed. will take us into the 21st century urban battlefields among the people without losing our capabilities to dominate the higher conventional end of the spectrum of conflict.
Doctrine provides a military organization with a common philosophy, a language, a purpose, and unity of effort. Tactics is the art and science of employing all available means to win battles and engagements. Specifically, it comprises the actions taken by a commander to arrange units and activities in relation to each other and the enemy. FM 3-90 introduces the basic concepts and control measures associated with the art of tactics. It cannot be read in isolation. To understand FM 3-90, the reader must understand the operational art, principles of war, and links between the operational and tactical levels of war described in FM 3-0, Operations. He should understand how the activities described in FM 3-07, Stability Operations and Support Operations, carry over and affect offensive and defensive operations and vice versa. He should understand the operations (plan, prepare, execute, and assess) process described in FM 6-0, Command and Control, and how that process relates to the military decision making process and troop-leading procedures described in FM 5-0, Army Planning and Orders Production. FM 3-90 also refers to joint publications (JPs). Reviewing referenced JPs will also aid in understanding FM 3-90. FM 3-90 focuses on the tactics used to employ available means to win in combat. Those tactics require judgment in application. The ability to seize and secure terrain, with its populations and productive capacity, distinguishes land forces conducting decisive offensive and defensive operations. FM 3-90 provides a common discussion of how commanders from the battalion task force level through the corps echelon conduct tactical offensive and defensive operations and their supporting tactical enabling operations. It is not prescriptive, but authoritative. Tactical fundamentals do not change with the fielding of each new piece of equipment. However, the integration of new equipment and organizations usually requires changes in related techniques and procedures. FM 3-90 provides guidance in the form of combat-tested concepts and ideas modified to exploit emerging Army and joint capabilities.
FM 3-0 establishes the United States Army's keystone doctrine for full spectrum operations. The doctrine holds warfighting as the Army's primary focus and recognizes that the ability of Army forces to dominate land warfare also provides the ability to dominate any situation in military operations other than war. The foundation of FM 3-0 is built upon global strategic responsiveness for prompt, sustained Army force operations on land as a member of a joint or multinational force. FM 3-0 is compatible with joint doctrine. It provides overarching doctrinal direction for the conduct of full spectrum operations detailed in other Army manuals. As the Army's principal tool for professional education in the art and the science of war, FM 3-0 presents a stable body of operational doctrine rooted in actual military experience. FM 3-0 provides a foundation for the development of tactics, techniques, and procedures. SCOPE: FM 3-0 is divided into four parts. Part One (Chapters 1-3) discusses the Army's role in peace, conflict, and war. Part Two (Chapters 4-6) discusses the fundamentals of full spectrum operations, battle command, and the operations process. Part Three (Chapters 7-10) discusses the four types of Army operations: offensive, defensive, stability, and support. Part Four (Chapters 11 and 12) discusses information superiority and combat service support as enabling operations. APPLICABILITY: FM 3-0 provides operational guidance for commanders and trainers at all echelons and forms the foundation for curricula within the Army Education System. Its audience is broad, from battalion through corps to other operational-level organizations. Officers and senior non-commissioned officers must read and understand FM 3-0.
This Army Field Manual establishes the tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) used by individuals, teams, and units of United States (U.S.) Army and United States Marine Corps (USMC) Civil Affairs (CA) forces, as well as planners of civil-military operations (CMO) at the strategic, operational, and tactical levels of operation. The TTP prescribed in this manual are used when engaging other government agencies, indigenous populations and institutions, international organizations, and other nonmilitary entities in support of conventional and special operations (SO) missions. This manual elaborates on doctrine contained in Field Manual (FM) 41-10, Civil Affairs Operations. The focus of FM 3-05.401 is on "how to" conduct CA operations and CMO at the strategic, operational, and tactical levels of operation and at the national, provincial, and local levels of government. Chapter 1 * INTRODUCTION * General * History * The Fog of Military Operations * CA Methodology * CA and Information Operations * Preparing for Deployment * Chapter 2 * INTEGRATION WITH SUPPORTED ORGANIZATIONS * Overview * CA Planning Associations * Planning Team Integration With a Supported Staff * CA Team Integration With a Supported Unit or Organization * CA/CMO Integration at the Department of Defense * CA/CMO Integration at the Geographic Combatant Command Headquarters * CA/CMO Integration at the Subunified Command and Service Component Headquarters * CA/CMO Integration at the Joint Task Force Headquarters * CA/CMO Integration at the Theater and Corps Support Commands and Area Support Group Headquarters * CA/CMO Integration at the Corps Headquarters * CA/CMO Integration at the Division Headquarters * CA/CMO Integration at the Brigade Headquarters * CA/CMO Integration at the Battalion Headquarters * CA/CMO Integration at the Special Operations Forces Headquarters * Chapter 3 * CA METHODOLOGY: ASSESS * Overview * Assessments * Analyzing the Civilian Component of METT-TC * CA Specialty Team and Tactical Team Considerations * Products of the Assess Phase.. * Chapter 4 * CA METHODOLOGY: DECIDE * Overview * Relating the Planning Processes to CA Employment * Interagency CA/CMO Planning: Coordinating With Nonmilitary Organizations * Civil-Military Operations Center * CA Mission Planning Processes * Commander's Intent for CMO * Determining CA Priorities of Effort * Determining CMO Measures of Effectiveness * Uniform and Personal Equipment Considerations * Products of the Decide Phase * Chapter 5 * CA METHODOLOGY: DEVELOP AND DETECT * Overview * CMOC (Interagency) Operations * Deliberate Assessments * Civilian Interview Techniques * Techniques in Reaching Agreements * Conducting Meetings Attending Meetings * Managing and Classifying CA and CMO Information * Operating With the Media * Force Protection * Products of the Develop and Detect Phase * Chapter 6 * CA METHODOLOGY: DELIVER * Overview * CA Activities * Foreign Nation Support * Populace and Resources Control * Humanitarian Assistance * Military Civic Action * Emergency Services * Support to Civil Administration * Products of the Deliver Phase * Chapter 7 * CA METHODOLOGY: EVALUATE * Overview * Evaluating Measures of Effectiveness * Actions for Unsuccessful Measures of Effectiveness * Products of the Evaluate Phase * Chapter 8 * CA METHODOLOGY: TRANSITION * Overview * Transition Operations * Continuity of Operations * Contracting the Civil-Military Operations Center * Products of the Transition Phase * Appendix A * CA/CMO SYMBOLOGY AND GRAPHICS * Appendix B * AFFILIATIONS AND PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE FUNCTIONAL SPECIALTIES * Appendix C * PRODUCTS OF CA/CMO PLANNING AND OPERATIONS * Appendix D * CMOC OPERATIONAL TECHNIQUES * Appendix E * CA IN THE PROBLEM-SOLVING AND DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES * Appendix F * USE OF INTERPRETERS * Appendix G * GUIDELINES TO SUCCESSFULLY REACH AN AGREEMENT