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Exam Board: Edexcel Level: AS/A-level Subject: Spanish First Teaching: September 2017 First Exam: June 2018 Endorsed for the Edexcel A-level specification from 2016. Develop all four language skills with a single textbook that has clear progression from GCSE and throughout the new A-level. - Clear progression through four stages of learning: transition, AS, A-level and extension - Develops language skills through reading, listening, speaking and writing tasks, plus translation and research practice - Exposes students to authentic topical stimulus and film and literature tasters for every work - Equips students with the tools they need to succeed with learning strategies throughout - Prepares students for the assessment with advice on the new individual research project and essay-writing - Builds grammar skills with exercises throughout and a detailed grammar reference section Audio resources to accompany the Student Book must be purchased separately. They can be purchased in several ways: 1) as part of the Boost digital teacher resources; 2) as a separate audio download; 3) as part of the Boost eBook. The audio resources are not part of the Edexcel endorsement process.
This book is the culmination of a research program conducted in Colombia during the past several years. The fundamental aim of the program was to develop neuropsychological tests for Spanish speakers, especially elderly individuals and those with limited edu cational attainment. The lack of norms for these populations repre sents a significant practical problem not only in developing countries but also in more developed countries. For example, norms are usually obtained with middle-class Anglo-Saxon English-speaking popula tions, often university students, and such norms do not usually include individuals older than 65 years. Furthermore, very few neuro psychological tests have been developed for Spanish speakers; fre quently, tests are translated into Spanish (often poor translations at that), but the norms used are still those obtained from English speaking populations. This volume summarizes the normative results of this research program. We anticipate that these tests and norms will be particularly useful in the neuropsychological evaluation of Spanish speakers, especially those with limited educational attainment, and the elderly. The United States represents the fifth largest Spanish-speaking coun try in the world (after Mexico, Spain, Argentina, and Colombia), with over 20 million speakers. It is anticipated that by the year 2025 there will be as many Hispanics in the United States as members of all other ethnic minority groups combined. Further, about 10% of the U. S. population are considered functionally illiterate, with Hispanics rep resenting an unusually large segment.
We could start writing this book by saying, with several other authors, that the brain is the most powerful and complex information processing device known, whether naturally developed or created artificially. Although we fully agree with this statement, in doing so we would be misleading the reader, in the sense that the present book basically aims to formalize the knowledge concerning brain physiology accumulated over the past few decades. Instead of merely describing the complexity of the cerebral str- ture or presenting a collection of commentaries and reviews of interesting experimental results, we take into account novel achievements in quantum information and quantum computation, and avail ourselves of recently - veloped mathematical tools. Neuroscience was bom in the 19'~ century with the works of Paul Brocca. However, this fledgling field experienced a boom only in recent times, following the development of powerful non-invasive techniques for probing the neural circuitry supporting the complex cognitive functions of the human brain. Although sophisticated mathematical models and phy- cal theories are the basic tools behind the conceptual foundations and a- lytical implementation of these modem techniques, to the best of our knowledge no effort was made to formalize the actual knowledge about brain function into a coherent theoretical framework incorporating the - cent developments in mathematical and physical science. Addressing this lack was our first motivation in writing this book.