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Supported emulsion liquid membrane (SELM) is an effective means to conduct liquid-liquid extraction. SELM extraction is particularly attractive for separation tasks in the microgravity environment where density difference between the solvent and the internal phase of the emulsion is inconsequential and a stable dispersion can be maintained without surfactant. In this research, dispersed two-phase flow in SELM extraction is modeled using the Lagrangian method. The results show that SELM extraction process in the microgravity environment can be simulated on earth by matching the density of the solvent and the stripping phase. Feasibility of surfactant-free SELM (SFSELM) extraction is assessed by studying the coalescence behavior of the internal phase in the absence of the surfactant. Although the contacting area between the solvent and the internal phase in SFSELM extraction is significantly less than the area provided by regular emulsion due to drop coalescence, it is comparable to the area provided by a typical hollow-fiber membrane. Thus, the stripping process is highly unlikely to become the rate-limiting step in SFSELM extraction. SFSELM remains an effective way to achieve simultaneous extraction and stripping and is able to eliminate the equilibrium limitation in the typical solvent extraction processes. The SFSELM design is similar to the supported liquid membrane design in some aspects.Hu, Shih-Yao B. and Li, Jin and Wiencek, John M.Marshall Space Flight CenterEMULSIONS; MEMBRANES; SOLVENT EXTRACTION; PROPIONIC ACID; TWO PHASE FLOW; SURFACTANTS; LAGRANGIAN FUNCTION; MICROGRAVITY; SOLVENTS; COALESCING; FIBERS
The Handbook of Membrane Separations: Chemical, Pharmaceutical, and Biotechnological Applications provides detailed information on membrane separation technologies as they have evolved over the past decades. To provide a basic understanding of membrane technology, this book documents the developments dealing with these technologies. It explores chemical, pharmaceutical, food processing and biotechnological applications of membrane processes ranging from selective separation to solvent and material recovery. This text also presents in-depth knowledge of membrane separation mechanisms, transport models, membrane permeability computations, membrane types and modules, as well as membrane reactors.
The Special Issue of Separations, “Development of Alternative Green Sample Preparation Techniques”, provides an overview on recent trends in green sample preparation. This Special Issue of Separations collates 11 impressive contributions that describe the state-of-the-art in the development of green extraction technologies, from green materials for microextraction to the development of new sampling devices geometries for enhanced extraction efficiency and analysis throughput.
Liquid Membranes: Principles and Applications in Chemical Separations and Wastewater Treatment discusses the principles and applications of the liquid membrane (LM) separation processes in organic and inorganic chemistry, analytical chemistry, biochemistry, biomedical engineering, gas separation, and wastewater treatment. It presents updated, useful, and systematized information on new LM separation technologies, along with new developments in the field. It provides an overview of LMs and LM processes, and it examines the mechanisms and kinetics of carrier-facilitated transport through LMs. It also discusses active transport, driven by oxidation-reduction, catalytic, and bioconversion reactions on the LM interfaces; modifications of supported LMs; bulk aqueous hybrid LM processes with water-soluble carriers; emulsion LMs and their applications; and progress in LM science and engineering. This book will be of value to students and young researchers who are new to separation science and technology, as well as to scientists and engineers involved in the research and development of separation technologies, LM separations, and membrane reactors. Provides comprehensive knowledge-based information on the principles and applications of a variety of liquid membrane separation processes Contains a critical analysis of new technologies published in the last 15 years
In the last decade, oil-water separation has gained global interest due to the large volumes of oily wastewater produced by various industries (e.g. food and beverage, metal and machining, pharmaceuticals) and the frequent oil spill accidents. Oil pollution is not only a pressing environmental problem, but it can also adversely impact human health due to contaminated water resources and crop production. Compared to other de-oiling technologies, membrane filtration offers several advantages including high quality permeate and ease of operation. To improve the feasibility of membranes for oil-water separation, a thorough understanding of oil deposition at the membrane surface during separation is needed to both optimally design and operate such processes.In this dissertation, Direct Observation Through the Membrane (DOTM) technique was employed to visualize oil drops in real-time at the membrane surface under conditions of hydrodynamic shear. This work was complemented by modeling of oil-membrane interactions and bench-scale crossflow filtration tests to gain quantitative understanding of oil droplet deposition on porous ultrafiltration (UF) and salt rejecting nanofiltration (NF) membranes. Experimental variables included surfactant type, salt type and concentration, and membrane material as well as pore size. Membrane fouling by emulsified oil was found to be a strong function of surfactant type. Visualization tests revealed that the worst type of fouling was observed when droplet coalescence resulted in contiguous oil films sealing large areas of the membrane. The visualization work was supplemented by deposition kinetics model that describes the three distinct stages of UF membrane fouling: (1) droplet deposition when the membrane surface is oil-free; (2) droplet deposition when membrane is coated by droplets; and (3) surface coalescence of droplets resulting in film formation. Nanofiltration of highly saline oil-water emulsions revealed that NF membrane fouling by emulsified oil enhances concentration polarization of rejected salt. However, headloss analysis showed that over the longer term, the additional hydraulic resistance due to a layer of oil droplets on the membrane surface became the dominant fouling mechanism.For both NF and UF membranes, when droplet-membrane interactions were favorable, this scenario led to formation and growth of surface films. These findings call for membrane materials or coatings that stunt the movement of the three-phase contact line to prevent oil film formation and spreading over the membrane surface. From the process engineering perspective, membrane surface sealing by oil films can be effectively managed by a hydraulic flush at zero transmembrane pressure.Finally, to achieve pipe parity, oil-water separation technologies need to consider legislature and regulations as well as environmental and social impacts (i.e. public perception).
The two-volume work presents applications of integrated membrane operations in agro-food productions with significant focus on product quality, recovery of high added-value compounds, reduction of energy consumption and environmental impact. Volume 1. Dairy, Wine and Oil Processing. Volume 2. Wellness Ingredients and Juice Processing.
Since the original publication of this book in 1992, the bleaching process has continued to attract the attention of researchers and the edible-oil industry. In this 2nd edition, the reader is directed to more modern techniques of analysis such as flame-atomic adsorption, graphite furnace atomic adsorption, and atomic emission spectrometry involving direct current plasma (DCP) and inductively coupled plasma (ICP). It also discusses the Freundlich Equation and reports on high-temperature water extraction, high- temperature oxidative aqueous regeneration, and extraction with supercritical CO2. Finally, various degumming methods improved over the past several decades are discussed Second edition features the progress in the bleaching and purifying of fats and oils since the mid-1990s Includes extensive details on the adsorptive purification of an oil prior to subsequent steps in the process, including refining and deodorization Offers practical considerations for choosing membranes, filtration equipment, and other key economic consideratons
The first reference to link chemical engineering technologies and surfactant science in suchbreadth of focus, Surfactants in Chemical/Process Engineering features contributionsby major authorities in chemical engineering whose applications have opened important newfields for surfactant use. These applications include dispersion science, separation processes, oilrecovery, microemulsions, and environmental control.This volume discusses ultrafiltration processes, flotation, metal extractions, and more ...examines surfactants in process streams for such industrial separations as micellar-enhancedultrafiltration, adsorbent regeneration, micellar extractions, and oiVwater demulsification . ..describes methodologies for separations of fatty acids, metals, minerals and impurities,solvents, and hydrocarbons for cost-saving industrial and consumer product manufacture . . .details techniques for developing and optimizing formulations for superior agricultural plantcontrol or enhancement systems, micro- and macroemulsions, and liquid surfactant membranes... and looks closely at emulsion polymers in soil stabilizations, protective coatings, sealants,adhesives, textile processing, paper finishing, specialty concretes, and tire manufacture.