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"The unregulated hours and frequent night work characteristic of maintenance can produce significant levels of employee fatigue, with a resultant risk of maintenance error. Fatigue Risk Management Systems (FRMS) are widely used to manage fatigue among flight crew and drivers of commercial vehicles, but comprehensive approaches to fatigue risk management are still uncommon within maintenance organizations. In the wider transport industry, the objective of most FRMS has been to reduce fatigue to an acceptable level. Two additional objectives can be identified for FRMS in the maintenance environment: reducing or capturing fatigue-related errors, and minimizing the harm caused by fatigue-related errors. A range of countermeasures can help to achieve these three objectives in aviation maintenance. Some of these countermeasures are currently being applied within the industry, while others may become feasible in the future. The data available on best practices for fatigue risk management in aviation maintenance are continually evolving. This should be considered an interim report."--Report documentation page.
Although several U.S. and European airlines have started providing human factors training to their maintenance personnel, the academic community (some 300 academic programs in the United States and several others in Europe and Asia) has not yet started offering formal human factors education to maintenance students. The highly respected authors strongly believe in incorporating the human factors principles in aviation maintenance. This is the first of two volumes providing effective behavioural guidance on risk management in aviation maintenance for both the novice and the experienced maintenance personnel. Its practical guidelines assist both student and practising aviation maintenance personnel to develop sustainable safety culture. For the maintenance community it provides some theoretical discussion about the "Why?" for risk management and then focus on the 'How?' to implement a successful error reduction program. To help the maintenance community in making a strong case to their financial managers, the authors also discuss the return on investment for risk management programs. The issue of risk management is taken at two levels. First, it provides a basic awareness information to those who have little or no knowledge of maintenance human factors. Second, it provides a set of practical tools for the more experienced people so that they can be more effective in risk management and error recovery in their jobs. This invaluable book serves as a practical guide as well as an academic textbook. The book covers fundamental human factors principles from a risk management perspective. Upon reading this informative book, the audience will be able to apply the basic principles of risk management to aviation maintenance environment, and they will be able to use low-risk behaviours in their daily work.
The study described in this report was carried out to determine the potential impact that fatigue may have on aircraft maintenance tasks. The study examined the cognitive & physical components of aircraft maintenance tasks, their susceptibility to the effects of fatigue, and the potential relative risk that fatigue poses to system safety. Study methodology included a review of relevant literature, a review & analysis of aircraft maintenance tasks, and collection of task data via observations & interviews of aircraft maintenance engineers, aircraft technicians, and apprentices at the maintenance facilities of a major airline. Tasks analyzed included inspection, troubleshooting, disassembly & reassembly, repair, testing, calibration, lubrication, documentation, cleaning, communications with other trades, and operation of hoist & transport equipment. Results presented indicate the magnitude of the relative risk of fatigue among different aircraft maintenance jobs. Human factors involved in maintenance errors and measures to counteract fatigue risk are discussed. Appendices include event trees that show various scenarios for critical maintenance tasks.
This updated edition includes fatigue and sleep definitions as well as strategies for the measurement and assessment of fatigue. The aviation performance, mood, and safety problems associated with sleep restriction and circadian disruptions in operational settings are highlighted. The biological bases of fatigue are discussed so that the reader can understand that it is a real physiological phenomenon and not 'just a state of mind'. Both traditional and newly-developed scientifically-valid countermeasures are presented, and a variety of data from diverse sources are included to provide readers with a 'toolbox' from which they can choose the best solutions for the fatigue-related problems that exist in their unique operational context. In addition, an essential overview of Fatigue Risk Management Systems is included to provide the basic structure necessary to build and validate a modern, integrated approach to successful fatigue management. The book is of interest to aviation crews in both civilian and military sectors--managers as well as pilots, flight crews, and maintainers. It aims to be user-friendly, although scientific information is included to help the reader fully understand the 'fatigue phenomenon' from an evidence-based perspective as well as to enhance the reader's appreciation for the manner in which various counter-fatigue interventions are helpful.
Situations and systems are easier to change than the human condition - particularly when people are well-trained and well-motivated, as they usually are in maintenance organisations. This is a down-to-earth practitioner’s guide to managing maintenance error, written in Dr. Reason’s highly readable style. It deals with human risks generally and the special human performance problems arising in maintenance, as well as providing an engineer’s guide for their understanding and the solution. After reviewing the types of error and violation and the conditions that provoke them, the author sets out the broader picture, illustrated by examples of three system failures. Central to the book is a comprehensive review of error management, followed by chapters on:- managing person, the task and the team; - the workplace and the organization; - creating a safe culture; It is then rounded off and brought together, in such a way as to be readily applicable for those who can make it work, to achieve a greater and more consistent level of safety in maintenance activities. The readership will include maintenance engineering staff and safety officers and all those in responsible roles in critical and systems-reliant environments, including transportation, nuclear and conventional power, extractive and other chemical processing and manufacturing industries and medicine.
"This manual recognizes that readers already know the importance of human factors-- a science that pays attention to physical, psychological, and other human attributes to ensure that we work safely and efficiently with minimal risk to others and equipment. The chapters discuss seven critical human factors topics that contribute to the goal of creating and reinforcing a safety culture where employees practice safe habits, both at work and at at home: 1) Hazard Identification, 2) Procedural Compliance and Documentation, 3) Human Factors Training- Evolution and Reinforcement, 4) Fatigue Risk Management, 5) Human Factors Health and Safety Program, 6) Considering Human Factors Issues in Design and Installation, and 7) Measuring Impact and Return on Investment. Operational data and practical experience from the U.S. and other countries are the basis of the seven critical topics. The Internation Civil Aviation Organization, the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administation, Airlines for America, Transport Canada, United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority, the European Aviation Safety Agency, the Interational Air Transport Assocation, and information from other entities contributed to this manual. The seven contributors to this manual have worked in aviation maintenance, medicine, and engineering for an average of 35 years. The contributors characterized the seven topics and related steps discussed in this manual as 'information they wish they had known years ago' "--Abstract, Technical Report documentation page.
This book introduces safety and risk analysis methods for aircraft and aero-engines, design approaches for increasing safety and decreasing risk during operation, air traffic controllers’ attitudes to mistakes hazards, theories and models of human error occurrence during aircraft maintenance processes, and damage and failure analysis for composite structures.
Research Paper (undergraduate) from the year 2011 in the subject Sociology - Work, Education, Organisation, grade: 90%, University of Newcastle, course: Masters Of Aviation Management, language: English, abstract: To manage risks and errors, there must be a good understanding, not just as to what has happened but why did it happen in order to determine the root problems and causes. Using the Reason model (Reason, 1991), investigations into these occurrences are made possible to provide the basis for identifying threats, flawed defense mechanism and conducting unsafe organizational conditionals. It makes sense as a continuum effort to manage aviation maintenance errors and risks to enhance safety and performance in the long term through identifying them and implanting vital defenses. A safety culture can foster these safe activities by creating trust and dialogue between management and individuals within a maintenance repair organization (MRO). The good safety culture aspects are pervasively within the shared attitudes of concern and care in the MRO and involves with the management. Surrounding this open atmosphere, there should have systems that share important data whereby the workforce are encouraged to make reports with trust and fairness. One shared concensus on collecting these data is by implementing of maintenance error management system (MEMS). Implications of active and latent failures and the benefits of maintenance resource training (MRM) are further discussed.
"A major airline volunteered to help the Federal Aviation Administration Civil Aerospace Medical Institute (CAMI) test a fatigue countermeasures training adapted for maintenance employees by providing employee participants and a training facility. The three-hour classroom training was developed, delivered, and evaluated by CAMI. Written tests and self-reports were used in the evaluation of the training to measure changes in employee knowledge, attitude, and behavior regarding fatigue and how to manage the associated risk. Questionnaires were administered up to one week before training, at the end of training, and six weeks following training. The training was effective in increasing employees' general fatigue knowledge. Training also had an immediate positive affect on employees' awareness of the importance in and commitment toward managing fatigue; however, their commitment, motivation, and self-efficacy toward fatigue management significantly declined six weeks following training. At follow-up, there were increases in consistent use of a few good sleep routine habits and avoidance of the majority of sleep routine and health and fitness bad habits, but there was no real impact on good work-life habits. Additionally, the occurrence of good work-life habits declined. Follow-up results suggest the maintenance organization needs to better support fatigue management in the work environment to realize long-term organizational benefits of fatigue countermeasures training. A computer-based version of the fatigue countermeasures training is available online (MXfatigue.com) at no cost."--Abstract, Technical Report documentation page.