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Over the past 20 years, the Transport and Road Research Laboratory has carried out a co-ordinated programme of fatigue testing, including work on the fatigue performance of reinforced and pre-stressed concrete beams. The research has led to a better understanding of the fatigue behaviour of plain concrete, the various types of reinforcing bars in air and concrete, continuous welded, lapped and coupled bars, and the effects of corrosion. The work of TRRL and many other organizations is reviewed and a summary of current design rules with recommendations for assessing the fatigue life of new structures in service is given.
Ultra-high-strength concrete is a new class of concrete that has been the result of the progress in concrete material science and development. This new type of concrete is characterized with very high compressive strength; about 100 MPa. Ultra-high strength concrete shows very brittle failure behavior compared to normal-strength concrete. Steel fibers will significantly reduce the workability of ultra-high strength concrete. The development and use of self-compacting concrete has provided a solution to the workability issue. The combination of technology and knowledge to produce Ultra-High strength fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete was proved to be feasible. Few studies investigated the effect of incorporating steel fibers on the shear behavior of ultra-high-strength reinforced concrete beams. The research consists of a test series and analytical investigation. The present research investigated the shear behavior of reinforced beams made of normal-strength-concrete fiber-reinforced self-compacting concrete (28 MPa), high-strength concrete fiber-reinforced self-compacting concrete (60 MPa) and ultra-high-strength fiber-reinforced self-compacting concrete (100 MPa). The test parameters included two different shear span-to-depth ratios of 2.22 (deep beam action) and 3.33 (slender beam action), and three different steel fiber volume fractions of 0.4%, 0.8%, and 1.2%. The test results showed that the shear strength gain ranged from 20% to 129% for the beams having a concrete grade of 28 MPa, 26% to 63% for the beams having a concrete grade of 60 MPa, and 8.6% to 94% for the beams with a concrete grade of 100 MPa. For the deep beams, the shear strength gain tended to decrease by increasing the concrete grade. For the slender beams with steel fiber volume fractions of 0.4% and 0.8%, varying the concrete grade had no obvious effect on the shear strength gain. For the viii slender beams with the higher steel fiber volume fraction of 1.2%, the shear strength gain tended to decrease with an increase in the concrete grade. In the analytical investigation, the accuracy and validity of published analytical models have been demonstrated. Predictions of analytical models by Ashour et al. (1992) and Narayanan et al. (1987) were in good agreement with the experimental results.
The main goal of this study is to investigate the behavior of high strength concrete beams reinforced with various reinforcement under monotonic loading with various shear span-to-depth ratios and to compare the measured load-deflection history with the available prediction equations. In this study, eight high strength concrete (HSC) beams were prepared and cast using a concrete strength of 10 ksi. All beams spanned 7 ft. and were 12 inches deep and 6 inches' wide. Some of beams were reinforced with conventional #5 steel and others were reinforced with carbon fiber (CF) and glass fiber grids. Three beams were reinforced with #3 stirrups at 8 inches spacing and one beam was reinforced with #3 stirrups at 3-inch spacing. The beams were simply supported under monotonic four-point bending load using a servo-valve actuator with a capacity of 75 kips under three shear span-to-depth ratios. The data collected in this study included load-displacement-history at midspan, steel and carbon fiber strains, mode of failure and crack patterns. The experimental results were compared to analytical models from the literature. The models are very commonly used to predict the effective moment of inertia of reinforced concrete beams and consequently predict the deflection at the cracking and at the ultimate loads. The study concluded that the behavior of the HSC beams was dependent on the type of reinforcement and on the shear span-to-depth ratio as well as the availability of transverse reinforcement. The analytical models, predictions of failure ultimate loads and mode of failure were in good agreement with the experimental results. For the HSC beams reinforced with steel bars, Branson's deflection equation highly overestimated the deflection. For beams reinforced with CFRP and GFRP grids, the analytical equations underestimated the deflection at the midspan, which suggests the need to modify the existing deflection equations when HSC is reinforced with carbon fiber grids.