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The purpose of the study is to explore the relation between the formal, nonformal, and informal education that farmers in Peru have received and their subsequent efficiency as farm operators. Education has an important role, but this role depends crucially on its technological and economic context. The effects of schooling are stronger in the more modern regions. A minimum level of schooling is necessary for the positive effects to appear, and this level increases with the modernity of the environment. Agricultural extension has a direct effect on contacted farmers, but the effectiveness of extension depends on the appropriateness of the message to the stage of agricultural development of the farmers. An indirect effect of extension through imitation is also of importance. Migration experience has powerful effects as a form of informal education.
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This book raises important questions concerning the "shame" of illiteracy. What does it mean to students to be drawn into a world where family and friends cannot follow? Can the same person appear literate and illiterate at the same time? Is literacy, for that matter, an either/or condition? Does it "hurt" to be illiterate in more than one language, more than one culture? To whom can literacy education be a threat instead of a promise? The chapters in this book confront the unknowable implication of joining literate systems, and carry us toward an understanding that can help literacy practitioners and policy-makers at local, national, and international levels to better understand the issues involved in this important area of work.
Agriculture is regarded as a key driver of economic and nutritional outcomes for poor households in developing countries. Yet climate change threatens to undermine the assurance that advances in agriculture can improve the welfare of millions living in poverty. This thesis explores the uncertain promise of agriculture for farmers in the Andean highlands of Peru. It presents two papers that analyze household survey data from agricultural communities near the city of Hunacayo, within the Shullcas River Watershed, to elucidate relationships between climate change, agriculture and nutrition. The first paper evaluates factors expected to influence climate perceptions and adaptive behavior. It finds that farmers universally perceive long-term changes in climate, and overwhelmingly report negative impacts on crop production, yet the rate of explicit agricultural adaptation in response to these observations is low (15%). However, most households do report using one or more production practices that are considered by researchers to be climate adaptive. Multivariate regression results indicate that education and agricultural information provide an essential foundation for farmer adaptation, but limited access to productive resources constrains adaptive capacity. The second paper identifies a positive relationship between farm size and household dietary diversity, and it assesses two potential pathways linking agriculture and nutrition. The analysis offers strong evidence of a direct production-consumption pathway for subsistence and commercial farming households, in addition to weak evidence of an agricultural income pathway only for households with commercial crop sales. Results further suggest that off-farm income is a critical driver of food security and dietary quality in the study area. Overall, both papers support the notion that investments in agriculture may not be sufficient to reduce the welfare gap for households facing hard constraints to climate adaptation or farm profitability. Development organizations and policymakers should expect tradeoffs between efficiency and equity in the targeting of climate adaptation and nutrition-sensitive agricultural policies and programs. ...
Based on extensive data for land ownership, income distribution, and agricultural production, this book assesses Peru's experience with development planning since 1950 and discusses efforts to improve the standard of living of its rural population through changes in agrarian structure. .