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The report covers the state of the art of metal-removal operations for titanium and its alloys. It describes the methods currently employed for conventional machining, grinding, electrolytic, and chemical machining processes. The precautions which should be taken to avoid troubles resulting from the characteristics typical of titanium are pointed out. Ten machining, two grinding, two cutting, and two unconventional metal-removal operations are discussed separately. In other sections, the mechanics of chip-forming processes, the response to machining variables, costs, and precautions desirable from the standpoint of safety are discussed.
This book presents a collection of examples illustrating the resent research advances in the machining of titanium alloys. These materials have excellent strength and fracture toughness as well as low density and good corrosion resistance; however, machinability is still poor due to their low thermal conductivity and high chemical reactivity with cutting tool materials. This book presents solutions to enhance machinability in titanium-based alloys and serves as a useful reference to professionals and researchers in aerospace, automotive and biomedical fields.
The memorandum summarizes current knowledge concerning the machining of titanium alloys. The memorandum deals with the following conventional machining operations: milling, face milling, peripheral milling, turning, boring, drilling, tapping, and grinding. The last section of the memorandum deals with chemical milling operations.
Contents: Heat treatment Descaling Forming Spinning Dimpling Shear spinning, press forming, hydroforming Stretch forming Bending Machining.
Special topic volume with invited peer reviewed papers only
ABSTRACT: There has been a rapid growth in the uses of titanium in both the aerospace and commercial industries. Despite this rapid growth, the production costs for titanium parts are very high compared to parts produced from other metals such as steel and aluminum. A large contributor to this fact is that titanium is a difficult metal to machine due largely to the high temperatures that are imposed on the tool when this metal is being cut. This thesis looks at the end milling operations of a 6A1-4V titanium rotor yoke for a 412 multipurpose Bell Helicopter. This is a large part in size that takes between 50 and 60 hours of machining time for it to be completed. The goal was to reduce the current machining time for the end milling operations of this rotor yoke by 50 percent. This work resulted in a reduction in the machining time for the end milling operations of 79.2 percent. Multiple tests were conducted for both the roughing and finishing operations of the rotor yoke. Tool wear was identified and tracked at surface speeds up to 200 meters/minute (654.5 SFM) for different tools and conditions. Relationships between radial depth of cut, surface speed, tool wear and temperature were developed. Alternative tool paths were also looked at for the roughing passes. An indication of tool wear was discovered for the finishing passes through looking at the geometry of the chips being produced. A temperature model was developed that calculates and graphs the temperature for an interrupted cut given the machining conditions and material properties. The model was used to optimize the finishing passes by developing relationships between time in the cut (radial depth of cut) and temperature which showed a 488 degree Celsius change in temperature for a one millimeter change in radial depth of cut. The results from the model supported the theory that a steady state maximum temperature is not reached when machining at shallow radial depths of cut. Results from the temperature model and the experimental tool wear data combined to support the idea that temperature is the driving force behind the tool wear associated with machining titanium.
Designed to support the need of engineering, management, and other professionals for information on titanium by providing an overview of the major topics, this book provides a concise summary of the most useful information required to understand titanium and its alloys. The author provides a review of the significant features of the metallurgy and application of titanium and its alloys. All technical aspects of the use of titanium are covered, with sufficient metals property data for most users. Because of its unique density, corrosion resistance, and relative strength advantages over competing materials such as aluminum, steels, and superalloys, titanium has found a niche in many industries. Much of this use has occurred through military research, and subsequent applications in aircraft, of gas turbine engines, although more recent use features replacement joints, golf clubs, and bicycles.Contents include: A primer on titanium and its alloys, Introduction to selection of titanium alloys, Understanding titanium's metallurgy and mill products, Forging and forming, Castings, Powder metallurgy, Heat treating, Joining technology and practice, Machining, Cleaning and finishing, Structure/processing/property relationships, Corrosion resistance, Advanced alloys and future directions, Appendices: Summary table of titanium alloys, Titanium alloy datasheets, Cross-reference to titanium alloys, Listing of selected specification and standardization organizations, Selected manufacturers, suppliers, services, Corrosion data, Machining data.
This memorandum reproduces thirteen lectures delivered at a Titanium Symposium held on March 28-29, 1966, at Hawthorne, California, under the auspices of the Norair Division of the Northrop Corporation. These lectures follow a logical sequence of topics including production aspects, metallurgy, manufacturing technology, and the design of titanium parts for aircraft and aerospace applications. (Author).