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Brushing is a daily practice method for golf course turfgrass maintenance which is done to stand the turfgrass plant prior to being cut. Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) is the primary turfgrass species used on golf course putting greens in temperate regions, but it has a prostrate growth habit. Brushing promotes vertically oriented leaf tissue, which helps the plant tolerate lower mowing heights. Vertical growth promotes higher shoot density, which helps reduce the competitive ability of some weeds. However, different frequency of brushing could lead to variation in the structure of the turfgrass leaves. The mechanical or abrasive nature of brushing potentially can cause physiological injury to the turfgrass plant. The objectives of this research are to evaluate the variation of the green speed as well as to quantify the fluctuations in physiological benefits or stress and to investigate the morphological changes due to brushing creeping bentgrass putting greens throughout the growing season. The two-year experiment was conducted on a standard `Penncross’ creeping bentgrass putting green on native soil located at the Ohio Turfgrass Foundation Research and Education Facility. For the first three months of the first year, the treatments consisted of two different brushing frequencies, brushing once a week and brushing three times a week with brushing unit set at 2.54 mm, compared to an untreated control. However, there wert no significant differences among those treatments. Therefore we adjusted our treatments to brushing three times a week or brushing five times a week with brushing unit set at 0.00 mm and continued the treatments in the second year of research. We found improvement in turf leaf texture and faster green speed with brushing while the variation of photochemical efficiency was not significant until the maximum temperature got lower than 15°C. In 2014 we observed a thinner leaf blade that appeared to have less leaf moisture in the brushed treatment compared to the untreated control. In 2015 we had four treatment which consisted double cut, double cut with brushing three times a week, double cut with brushing five times a week and untreated control which was single cut. We found increased green speed with all brushing treatments and a significant reduction in the amount of cuticle wax where double cutting had the greatest effect (P=0.05) while no physiological stress was indicated by measuring photochemical efficiency.
Creeping bentgrass is considered the premier turfgrass species grown on golf courses, and there is a growing demand for an understanding of its maintenance and management practices. Still the only comprehensive reference on the subject, Creeping Bentgrass Management, Second Edition helps you identify the factors that contribute to summer bentgrass decline and guides you in selecting the best approaches for stress and pest management. This full-color book delves into all aspects of modern approaches to creeping bentgrass management on golf courses. It describes the nature of mechanical, physiological, and environmental stresses and how they influence growth and management of creeping bentgrass. The book covers the selection of creeping bentgrass cultivars; cultural practices, including mowing, irrigation, and topdressing; the deleterious effects of organic and inorganic layers in golf greens; and ways to limit injury due to mechanical or physical stresses. It also discusses recent advances in the management of selected diseases and soil-related maladies of creeping bentgrass—from Pythium-incited root dysfunction to dollar spot, yellow tuft, and blue-green algae. The focus is on common disease symptoms, predisposing conditions, hosts, and cultural and chemical management strategies. Advances in biological disease control are also reviewed. The book offers practical guidance in selecting and using fungicides, herbicides, and plant growth regulators. It also discusses the use of non-selective herbicides and fumigants for the renovation of creeping bentgrass and outlines strategies for dealing with selected invertebrate pests. Throughout, color photographs help you identify diseases and stresses that may be affecting your own golf course. Fully revised and updated, this second edition of a bestseller features three new chapters, new photographs, and expanded information about diseases. Drawing on the author’s more than thirty years of experience and research, it brings together a wealth of information on how to optimize creeping bentgrass health and performance. What’s New in This Edition Three new chapters, covering the nature of fungicides, abiotic maladies, and selected invertebrate pests An expanded section on disease—double the length of the first edition Updated chapters that reflect the latest developments in creeping bentgrass management More extensive discussion of annual bluegrass problems and their management More than 100 new photos Tips from Dr. Dernoeden Watch these videos to get Dr. Dernoeden’s tips on how to control dollar spot disease and crabgrass and how to identify fairy ring.
Nitrogen (N) fertilizer decisions are difficult for turfgrass managers because few tools or soil tests exist to assess N availability or requirements. This study proposed a new N fertilization strategy by building turfgrass growth prediction models using machine learning algorithms. The study was performed on two sand-based putting green root zones, and a series of experiments were conducted to quantify how foot traffic, soil moisture, and N fertilization affected bentgrass growth and tissue N content. Bentgrass tissue N ranged from 2.5% to 5% with an average of 3.9% across several years, root zones, and experiments. N fertilization was the most important factor for predicting bentgrass tissue N content, while weather and management practices were only weakly or not correlated with tissue N. Next, several inputs, including 7-day weather variables, traffic intensity, soil moisture content, N fertilization rate, and normalized difference red edge (NDRE) vegetation index were used to predict growth using machine learning techniques. The random forest (RF) algorithm was the most suitable among several. The best RF model had an R2 of 0.64 on the training dataset and an R2 of 0.47 on the validation dataset. The prediction model was not effective when used to predict growth from bentgrass grown at a different location, but training the model with growth data from that location resulted in accurate growth predictions (R2 = 0.74). To test the ability of this growth prediction model for guiding fertilization decisions, a two-year study compared RF-guided N fertilization with three other N application strategies including 1) PACE Turf Growth Potential model; 2) an experience-based method for applying N fertilizer, and 3) the experience-based method guided by NDRE. The proposed machine learning method reduced fertilizer use compared to two of the three methods while maintaining acceptable or better turfgrass quality. In conclusion, golf courses can create customized growth prediction models using clipping volume and weather and other easy to obtain inputs. This model would be quite useful for determining N requirements of creeping bentgrass putting greens and has an advantage over other N fertilization methods because it is rooted in the N cycle.
Water is an increasingly valuable and limited resource, often perceived as being wasted on turfgrass. This much-anticipated second edition brings clear, current, science-based information on turfgrass management and water conservation to turf managers and researchers alike. Inside you’ll find a look at the current understanding of water use as well as new technologies being researched to reduce water use by turfgrass. Attention is paid to water quality and turfgrass as a key part of the urban environment, how integrating turfgrass with other landscape uses of water can be part of a conservation plan, and how various water qualities, including reclaimed water, can be part of a management plan. Chapters also cover •advances in drought, heat, and salinity stress tolerance •the role of water in modified root zone media and native soils •water management technologies •considerations for construction and management of urban green spaces including parks and golf courses •water depletion, pesticide and nutrient runoff A chapter summarizing the practical application of the science in each chapter rounds out the text, presenting the information in an immediately useable format. Includes 10 tables and figures, 20 color photos, a U.S. customary to metric conversion table, and an 8-page glossary.
Golf Course Management & Construction presents a comprehensive summary and assessment of technical and scientific research on the environmental effects of turfgrass system construction and maintenance. Although the book focuses on golf courses, it also discusses turfgrass systems for residential and commercial lawns, parks, and greenways. The book is an excellent introduction to the concepts of nonpoint source environmental impacts of turfgrass management for turfgrass scientists and specialists, landscape and golf course architects, turfgrass system and golf course developers, golf course superintendents, environmental scientists, and land-use regulators.