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This work demonstrates a method for enhancing the sensitivity of a surface plasmon resonance biosensor, and develops novel nanostructured sensing surfaces. It is divided into the following four sections: Surface plasmon resonance phase imaging on gold thin films, optical diffraction of gold nanowires, fabrication of plasmonic nanoring arrays, and fabrication of nanofluidic channels and networks. The technique of surface plasmon resonance phase imaging (SPR-PI) was implemented in a linear microarray format. SPR-PI measured the phase shift of p-polarized light incident at the SPR angle reflected from a gold thin film by monitoring the position of a fringe pattern on the interface created with a polarizer- wedge depolarizer combination. SPR-PI was used to measure a self-assembled monolayer of 11-mercaptoundecamine (MUAM) as well as to monitor in situ DNA hybridization. The phase shifts were correctly calculated with a combined Jones matrix and Fresnel equation theory. Arrays of Au or Pd nanowires were fabricated via the electrochemical process of lithographically patterned nanowire electrodeposition (LPNE) and then characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a series of optical diffraction measurements. Up to 60 diffraction orders were observed from the nanowire gratings with separate oscillatory intensity patterns appearing in the even and odd diffraction orders. The presence of these intensity oscillations is attributed to LPNE array fabrication process, and is explained with the Fourier transform of a mathematical model to predict the diffraction intensity patterns. A novel nanoring fabrication method that combines the process of LPNE with colloidal lithography is described. SEM measurements and Fourier transform near infrared (FT-NIR) absorption spectroscopy were used to characterize the strong NIR plasmonic resonance of the nanoring arrays. The absorption maximum wavelength varied linearly from 1.25 to 3.33 microns as predicted by a simple standing wave model linear antenna theory. This nanoring array fabrication method was also used to electrodeposit concentric double gold nanoring arrays that exhibited multiple NIR plasmonic resonances. Arrays and networks of nanochannels were created in PDMS from LPNE nanowires in a master-replica process and characterized with SEM, AFM and fluorescence imaging measurements. The PDMS replica was bonded to a glass substrate to create linear arrays of nanofluidic channels that filled with a 99% successful rate as determined from fluorescence imaging and the electrophoretic injection of both dye and nanoparticles. A double LPNE fabrication method was also used to create two-dimensional networks of crossed nanofluidic channels.
Advances in nanofabrication, characterization tools, and the drive to commercialize nanotechnology products have contributed to the significant increase in research on inorganic nanowires (INWs). Yet few if any books provide the necessary comprehensive and coherent account of this important evolution. Presenting essential information on both popular and emerging varieties, Inorganic Nanowires: Applications, Properties, and Characterization addresses the growth, characterization, and properties of nanowires. Author Meyyappan is the director and senior scientist at Ames Center for Nanotechnology and a renowned leader in nanoscience and technology, and Sunkara is also a major contributor to nanowire literature. Their cutting-edge work is the basis for much of the current understanding in the area of nanowires, and this book offers an in-depth overview of various types of nanowires, including semiconducting, metallic, and oxide varieties. It also includes extensive coverage of applications that use INWs and those with great potential in electronics, optoelectronics, field emission, thermoelectric devices, and sensors. This invaluable reference: Traces the evolution of nanotechnology and classifies nanomaterials Describes nanowires and their potential applications to illustrate connectivity and continuity Discusses growth techniques, at both laboratory and commercial scales Evaluates the most important aspects of classical thermodynamics associated with the nucleation and growth of nanowires Details the development of silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide, and other materials in the form of nanowires used in electronics applications Explores the physical, electronic and other properties of nanowires The explosion of nanotechnology research activities for various applications is due in large part to the advances in the growth of nanowires. Continued development of novel nanostructured materials is essential to the success of so many economic sectors, ranging from computing and communications to transportation and medicine. This volume discusses how and why nanowires are ideal candidates to replace bulk and thin film materials. It covers the principles behind device operation and then adds a detailed assessment of nanowire fabrication, performance results, and future prospects and challenges, making this book a valuable resource for scientists and engineers in just about any field. Co-author Meyya Meyyappan will receive the Pioneer Award in Nanotechnology from the IEEE Nanotechnology Council at the IEEE Nano Conference in Portland, Oregon in August, 2011
The simulation, fabrication, and characterization of self-assembled ultrahigh density sub-10nm Co nanowire arrays are presented in this dissertation. The general phase separation nanowire growth simulation was operated based on a modified Ising model. The fabrication process can be summarized as the binary Co-X systems lateral phase separation during physical vapor deposition - the plasma layer deposition with a single alloy Co-X target. The "X" stands for Al or Si. The nanowire fabrication and diameter deduction was achieved by balancing the growth rate and surface diffusivity. For Co-Al binary system, the formed sub-10 nm Co nanowires are of face-centered cubic structure through high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Plus, the total phase separation happened between Co and Al - Co is not detectable in the surrounding Al matrix via scanning transmission electron microscope elemental mapping. The formed Co nanowire array in Al matrix displays unusual magnetic anisotropy, which is originated from the ultrahigh packing density. For Co-Si binary system, the FCC Co nanowire average diameter is 5.38+/-0.04 nm with wire density 2x1016/m2. The matrix contains both Si and Co. The Co nanowire average diameters of both systems were calculated through in-plane X-ray diffraction, which are consistent with the TEM results within experimental error. XRD reveals that the axis is the nanowire growth direction. The average nanowire diameters of Co-Al system were also calculated through atomic force microscope adhesion images. The diameter vs. deposition rate plot is quantitatively consistent to the predicted theoretic relation.
The use of nanostructures has become very common throughout high-tech industries. In order to enhance the applicability of Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) in systems such as Nano-Electromechanical Systems, the phase transformation behavior of SMA nanostructures should be explored. The primary focus of this work is on the fabrication of metallic nanowires and the characterization of the phase transformation of SMA nanowires. Various metallic nanowires are fabricated through the use of the mechanical pressure injection method. The mechanical pressure injection method is a template assisted nanowire fabrication method in which an anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) template is impregnated with liquid metal. The fabrication procedure of the AAO templates is analyzed in order to determine the effect of the various fabrication steps. Furthermore, metallic nanowires are embedded into polymeric nano bers as a means to incorporate nanowires within other nanostructures. The knowledge obtained through the analysis of the AAO template fabrication guides the fabrication of SMA nanowires of various diameters. The fabrication of SMA nanowires with di fferent diameters is accomplished through the fabrication of AAO templates of varying diameters. The phase transformation behavior of the fabricated SMA nanowires is characterized through transmission electron microscopy. By analyzing the fabricated SMA nanowires, it is found that none of the fabricated SMA nanowires exhibit a size eff ect on the phase transformation. The lack of a size e ffect on the phase transition of SMA nanowires is contrary to the results for SMA nanograins, nanocrystals, and thin films, which all exhibit a size eff ect on the phase transformation. The lack of a size eff ect is further studied through molecular dynamic simulations. These simulations show that free-standing metallic nanowires will exhibit a phase transformation when their diameters are sufficiently small. Furthermore, the application of a constraint on metallic nanowires will inhibit the phase transformation shown for unconstrained metallic nanowires. Therefore, it is concluded that free-standing SMA nanowires will exhibit a phase transformation throughout the nanoscale, but constrained SMA nanowires will reach a critical size below which the phase transformation is inhibited.