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The U.S. government controls the export of high performance computers to certain countries based on foreign policy and national security concerns. The Commerce Department considers a high performance computer to be one that exceeds a defined performance threshold, thus requiring an export license. In a July 1999 report, the executive branch described its plans to change the controls on the exports of high performance computers by increasing the level of computing performance for which export licenses would be required. The executive branch last modified controls on high performance computers in January 1996. In the Fiscal Year 1998 National Defense Authorization Act (P.L. 105-85, sec. 1211, Nov. 1997), Congress required the executive branch to provide a report justifying proposed changes to export controls on computers. The act requires the report, at a minimum, to (1) address the extent to which high performance computers with capabilities between the established level and the new proposed level of performance are available from other countries, (2) address all potential uses of military significance to which high performance computers at the new levels could be applied, and (3) assess the impact of potential military uses on U.S. national security interests.
The first historical study of export control regulations as a tool for the sharing and withholding of knowledge. In this groundbreaking book, Mario Daniels and John Krige set out to show the enormous political relevance that export control regulations have had for American debates about national security, foreign policy, and trade policy since 1945. Indeed, they argue that from the 1940s to today the issue of how to control the transnational movement of information has been central to the thinking and actions of the guardians of the American national security state. The expansion of control over knowledge and know-how is apparent from the increasingly systematic inclusion of universities and research institutions into a system that in the 1950s and 1960s mainly targeted business activities. As this book vividly reveals, classification was not the only—and not even the most important—regulatory instrument that came into being in the postwar era.
The book provides the statutory authority for export controls on sensitive dual-use goods and technologies, items that have both civilian and military applications, including those items that can contribute to the proliferation of nuclear, biological and chemical weaponry. This new book examines the evolution, provisions, debate, controversy, prospects and reauthorisation of the EAA.
High-Containment Laboratories: National Strategy for Oversight Is Needed
The "Overview of the Privacy Act of 1974," prepared by the Department of Justice's Office of Privacy and Civil Liberties (OPCL), is a discussion of the Privacy Act's disclosure prohibition, its access and amendment provisions, and its agency recordkeeping requirements. Tracking the provisions of the Act itself, the Overview provides reference to, and legal analysis of, court decisions interpreting the Act's provisions.