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While the basic operating principles of Helical Magnetic Flux Compression Generators are easy to understand, the details of their construction and performance limits have been described only in government reports, many of them classified. Conferences in the field of flux compression are also dominated by contributions from government (US and foreign) laboratories. And the government-sponsored research has usually been concerned with very large generators with explosive charges that require elaborate facilities and safety arrangements. This book emphasizes research into small generators (less than 500 grams of high explosives) and explains in detail the physical fundamentals, construction details, and parameter-variation effects related to them.
While the basic operating principles of Helical Magnetic Flux Compression Generators are easy to understand, the details of their construction and performance limits have been described only in government reports, many of them classified. Conferences in the field of flux compression are also dominated by contributions from government (US and foreign) laboratories. And the government-sponsored research has usually been concerned with very large generators with explosive charges that require elaborate facilities and safety arrangements. This book emphasizes research into small generators (less than 500 grams of high explosives) and explains in detail the physical fundamentals, construction details, and parameter-variation effects related to them.
Explosive pulsed power generators are devices that either convert the chemical energy stored in explosives into electrical energy or use the shock waves generated by explosives to release energy stored in ferroelectric and ferromagnetic materials. The objective of this book is to acquaint the reader with the principles of operation of explosive generators and to provide details on how to design, build, and test three types of generators: flux compression, ferroelectric, and ferromagnetic generators, which are the most developed and the most near term for practical applications. Containing a considerable amount of new experimental data that has been collected by the authors, this is the first book that treats all three types of explosive pulsed power generators. In addition, there is a brief introduction to a fourth type ix explosive generator called a moving magnet generator. As practical applications for these generators evolve, students, scientists, and engineers will have access to the results of a considerable body of experience gained by almost 10 years of intense research and development by the authors.
Autonomous explosive driven pulsed power devices have a potentially large specific energy. However, the condition for the maximum possible energy output almost never coincides with the condition that would enable driving a pulsed power load effectively. Meaning, that the energy output of an explosive driven device is a very strong function of the load that the device is driving. The authors had previously investigated multiple explosive driven devices and characterized them with respect to their performance under ideal conditions. Based on this knowledge, the investigators (a) explored the performance limits under realistic loads, which included the redesign of existing devices and (b) evaluated the optimum coupling schemes of individual devices aimed towards a considerable energy multiplication from stage to stage. It was demonstrated and clarified what is required to push a few kJ of electrical energy into an inductive storage system utilizing a small (few inches in diameter) multistage explosive driven pulsed power system based on a helical flux compression generator.
High explosive pulsed power (HEPP) is a specialized subset among pulsed power endeavors which takes advantage of the very high energy density available in both magnetic fields and high explosives (HE). To introduce basic concepts, the author divides HEPP components into generators (magnetic field (B) or current (I)) and switches. Magnetic field and current generators start with magnetic field trapped in a conducting volume. Magnetic flux can be expressed as either LI or BA, where L and A (inductance and cross sectional area) are both geometry dependent circuit properties. In a purely inductive circuit, flux is conserved, so L1I1=L2I2 or B1A1=B2A2. In the technique, HE is used to propel circuit elements that perform work against the trapped magnetic field as L or A is reduced, yielding increased I or B. Throughout this paper, the author uses the term flux compression generator (FCG) for these devices, although the reader will find a variety of acronyms in the literature. A good primer on FCG's is by Fowler et al. HE is also used to provide opening and closing switches for HEPP circuits. Closing switches do not require great sophistication, and they don't discuss them here. Opening switches typically use the energy of HE to rapidly reduce the current carrying cross section of a particular circuit element, and often require sophisticated detonation systems to match the contour of that element (e. g. cylindrical). This may either cause a direct increase in resistance or create the circumstance in which the remainder of the material fuses due to ohmic effects. Many good papers on explosive-driven opening switches can be found in previous Megagauss conference proceedings, and these are also a good source for information regarding HEPP endeavors outside the US, which is beyond the scope of this paper.
A discussion of explosive pulsed power systems and their applications, this book consists of 7 chapters. The first five describe the basic physics of these sources and their ancillary equipment, based on a manual for training engineers in Russia. Chapter 6 is a description of codes and methodologies used at Loughborough University in the UK to build flux compressors, while Chapter 7 covers two specific applications: high power lasers and high power microwave sources. The book introduces all types of explosive power sources and their ancillary equipment, the procedures required to build them, and specific applications.
The Procyon explosive pulsed power system is designed for powering plasma z-pinch experiments. It begins with a helical explosive-driven magnetic flux compression generator (MCG) for amplifying seed current from a capacitor bank into a storage inductor. One conductor element of the storage inductor is an explosively formed fuse (EFF) opening switch tailored to divert current to a plasma flow switch (PFS) in less than 3 [mu]s. The PFS, in turn, delivers current to a z-pinch load. Experiments to date have concentrated on the explosive pulsed power components and PFS. This paper focuses on the results of a recent full energy MCG/EFF/PFS test.
Pulsed power technology, in the simplest of terms, usually concerns the storage of electrical energy over relatively long times and then its rapid release over a comparatively short period. However, if we leave the definition at that, we miss a multitude of aspects that are important in the ultimate application of pulsed power. It is, in fact, the application of pulsed power technology to which this series of texts will be focused. Pulsed power in today's broader sense means "special power" as opposed to the tra ditional situation of high voltage impulse issues related to the utility industry. Since the pulsed power field is primarily application driven, it has principally an engineering flavor. Today' s applications span those from materials processing, such as metal forming by pulsed magnetic fields, to other varied applications, such as psy chedelic strobe lights or radar modulators. Very high peak power applications occur in research for inertial confinement fusion, the Strategic Defense Initiative and other historical defense uses. lri fact it is from this latter direction that pulsed power has real ized explosive growth over the past half century. Early thrusts were in electrically powered systems that simulated the environment or effects of nuclear weapons detonation. More recently it is being utilized as prime power sources for directed energy weapons, such as lasers, microwaves, particle beam weapons, and even mass drivers (kinetic energy weapons).
We have described a system that uses a MK-IX helical generator to deliver 11 MA to a 140-nH pulse compression circuit. The purpose of that system is to drive a plasma z-pinch experiment. 11 refs., 5 figs.