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Results support a comprehensive model for understanding adolescent health risk behaviors that includes cumulative risk and promotive factors using an ecological systems framework. Clinical implications of this study emphasize the need for early interventions that target vulnerable youth, focus on violence exposure, and strengthen assets and resources across ecological domains. Understanding the contributions of risk and promotive on health risk behaviors among adolescents with histories of violence exposure can inform interventions for this vulnerable group of adolescents who are disproportionately at risk for a wide range of adolescent problems.
This book places youth violence within a Routine Activity Ecological Framework. Youth violence, specifically youth exposure to community violence and youth perpetration of violent behaviors, occur within various contexts. Ahlin and Antunes situate their discussion of youth violence within an ecological framework, identifying how it is nested within four mesosystem layers: community, family, peers and schools, and youth characteristics. Contextualized using an ecological framework, the Routine Activity Theory and Lifestyles perspective (RAT/LS) are well suited to guide an examination of youth violence risk and protective factors across the four layers. Drawing on scholarship that explores predictors and consequences of youth violence, the authors apply RAT/LS theory to explain how community, family, peers, schools, and youth characteristics influence youth behavior. Each layer of the ecological framework unfolds to reveal the latest scholarship and contextualizes how concepts of RAT/LS, specifically the motivated offender, target suitability, and guardianship, can be applied at each level. This book also highlights the mechanisms and processes that contribute to youth exposure to and involvement in violence by exploring factors examined in the literature as protective and risk factors of youth violence. Youth violence occurs in context, and, as such, the understanding of multilevel predictors and preventive measures against it can be situated within an RAT/LS ecological framework. This work links theory to extant research. Ahlin and Antunes demonstrate how knowledge of youth violence can be used to develop a robust theoretical foundation that can inform policy to improve neighborhoods and youth experiences within their communities, families, and peers and within their schools while acknowledging the importance of individual characteristics. This monograph is essential reading for those interested in youth violence, juvenile delinquency, and juvenile justice research and anyone dedicated to preventing crime among youths.
Widespread media narratives portray an epidemic of neighborhood violence in urban areas—often ignoring the structural explanations advanced by community organizers fighting violence and activists such as those in the Movement for Black Lives. In this book, Dexter R. Voisin provides a compelling and social-justice-oriented analysis of current trends in neighborhood violence in light of the historical and structural factors that have reproduced entrenched patterns of racial and economic inequality. America the Beautiful and Violent is built around the powerful voices and insights of black youth in Chicago and their parents and communities. Voisin interweaves their narratives with data, research findings, and historical accounts that provide context for their experiences. He highlights the broad historical, political, economic, and racial factors that shape the construction, concentration, and narratives of violence in black neighborhoods. Voisin explores these forces and the violence they produce; the behavioral health consequences of repeated exposures to neighborhood violence; and the ways youth, families, and communities cope with such traumas. America the Beautiful and Violent offers a set of practice and policy recommendations to address the patchwork inequality that leads to concentrated violence and to support children and adolescents struggling with the precarious conditions and threat of violence in their daily lives.
This book provides a solid foundation for understanding violence within the African-American community from the perspective of African Americans. It challenges existing stereotypes of African Americans and offers concrete advice on approaches that are, or might be, effective with African-American populations. The content is driven by real-world, evidence-based practices based on sound scientific foundations.
Public and academic interest in youth and community violence has grown with school shootings, horrific cases of child abuse, and reports of domestic abuse becoming regular news features. Research on interpersonal violence has had a corresponding progression, but there is a tendency by researchers to examine these issues at the individual level, rather than considering the micro- and macro-level causes, correlates, and outcomes for those affected directly and indirectly by violence. Edited by four leading violence researchers, Violence in Context takes the more systemic view, offering a critical appraisal of research and theory that focuses on violence in youth, families, and communities. Authors investigate the ways in which violence is defined and understood, how risk and protective factors promote and inhibit violence in the groups most responsible for the socialization of youth, and how violence and related behaviors differ by gender, race, and ethnicity. A rich analysis of the field familiarizes readers with some of the most compelling approaches to violence prevention, including interventions that begin at infancy with families at risk. Every chapter examines the latest research on violence prevention, with a goal of moving towards the multi-system, integrated intervention models and approaches that will incorporate the social context of violence across settings and population subgroups. The result is a valuable interdisciplinary book for scholars, practitioners, and students that provides a comprehensive overview of published studies, limitations of research findings, and a thoughtful discussion of the ways in which future research can build on what is currently known about the causes, consequences, and prevention of violence in different settings.
African American youth are disproportionately located in neighborhoods characterized by crime and are at an increased risk for exposure to community violence and perceiving their neighborhoods to be violent. Each of these three experiences with violence has been linked with conduct problems. However, methodological problems in the existing literature limit our ability to understand whether these three types of violence differentially affect the development of adolescent conduct problems and if so, what the relative effects of these experiences with violence are. In addition, research has not examined whether the more proximal experiences with violence (i.e., community violence exposure and perceived neighborhood violence) are more useful for explaining the development of conduct problems that more distal experiences such as neighborhood crime. To address these issues, the present study examined whether neighborhood crime, community violence exposure, and perceived neighborhood violence differentially predicted youth conduct problems. Participants were an epidemiologically-defined community sample of 585 African American adolescents (53.2% male) assessed at regular intervals from elementary school through adolescence. Results revealed that each experience with violence was differentially associated with youth conduct problems, with varied effects for males and females. Understanding the effects of neighborhood crime, community violence exposure, and perceived neighborhood violence on the development of conduct problems is an initial step in the development of contextually-relevant interventions to promote healthy developmental outcomes in urban adolescents.
"Preventing Youth Violence in a Multicultural Society" highlights the importance of creating culturally compatible interventions to stop violence among the youngest members of diverse populations. Chapters explore how ethnicity and culture can increase or decrease risk for violence among youth depending on contextual factors such as a disadvantaged upbringing, exposure to trauma, and acculturation status. Authors focus on the interaction between environmental conditions and the individual risk factors that foster youth violence. They begin by examining risk factors common to all groups of youth, such as feeling alienated from mainstream culture and searching for self-identity, and then focus on risk, resilience, and distinguishing factors among particular racial and ethnic groups, including Latino, African American, Asian American, Pacific Islander, American Indian, and White youth. The authors recommend interventions tailored to each group as well as advice on how to incorporate cultural competence into more general youth violence prevention programs. The social-ecological approach taken in this volume emphasizes the learned nature of aggression and violence, and many of the recommended interventions involve changing the context in which violence is taught, therefore truly encouraging long-term violence prevention. This practical, empirically supported book serves as an important resource to all mental health practitioners working in the field of youth violence. This book begins with an introduction by Emilie Phillips Smith and Nancy G. Guerra. Part I, Understanding Youth Violence and Prevention in Context: The Role of Ethnicity and Culture, contains: (1) Ethnicity, Youth Violence, and the Ecology of Development (Nancy G. Guerra and Kirk R. Williams); (2) Ethnic Identity, Social Group Membership, and Youth Violence (Sabine E. French, Tia E. Kim, and Olivia Pillado); and (3) Youth Violence, Immigration, and Acculturation (Ioakim Boutakidis, Nancy G. Guerra, and Fernando Soriano). Part ii, Youth Violence and Prevention in Specific Ethnic Groups, contains: (4) Youth Violence Prevention Among Latino Youth (Brenda Mirabal-Colon and Carmen Noemi Velez); (5) Youth Violence Prevention Among Asian American and Pacific Islander Youth (Gregory Yee Mark, Linda A. Revilla, Thomas Tsutsumoto, and David T. Mayeda); (6) Understanding American Indian Youth Violence and Prevention (Samantha Hurst and Jack Laird); (7) Preventing Youth Violence Among African American Youth: The Sociocultural Context of Risk and Protective Factors (Emilie Phillips Smith and La Mar Hasbrouck); and (8) Youth Violence Prevention Among White Youth (Robert Nash Parker and Louis Tuthill). Part iii, Developing Culturally Competent Youth Violence Prevention Programs and Strategies, contains: (9) Culturally Sensitive Interventions to Prevent Youth Violence (Joan C. Wright and Marc A. Zimmerman); (10) What Is Cultural Competence and How Can It Be Incorporated Into Preventive Interventions? (Cynthia Hudley and April Taylor); and (11) Preventing Youth Violence in a Multicultural Society: Future Directions (Nancy G. Guerra and Emilie Phillips Smith). A glossary, an author index, and a subject index are included.