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Study to explore the feasibility of removing water from oil/water (O/W) and water/oil (W/O) emulsions by means of pervaporation. Initial study involved preparation of simulated O/W and W/O emulsions prepared by mixing water and kerosene of various concentrations and stabilized by adding sodium lauryl sulfate. Preliminary experiments were conducted on 12 membranes fabricated from 2 different materials. One membrane of each type of material was chosen for further work based on the results of the preliminary tests. All experiments were carried out under 2 different downstream pressures and various temperatures.
Assessment of the technical feasibility of treating water-in-oil emulsions from in-situ bitumen/heavy oil recovery operations using porous membranes. The treatment removes water from the oil to meet pipeline specifications for water in oil of 0.5%. This study evaluated the feasibility of the oil permeation process, in which oil is driven through the membrane by the applied pressure and the oleophilic nature of the membrane material while the water in the emulsion is retained and concentrated on the feed side of the membrane because of the size of the water droplets and the hydrophobic nature of the membrane material. The second process evaluated was a water permeation process which destabilized the water-in-oil emulsion by removal of the salts and surfactants which stabilize the emulsion. Water and caustic were added to the water-in-oil emulsion to produce an oil-in-water emulsion and then the water together with the extracted salts and surfactant is removed by porous membrane filtration.
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Realizing that water, energy and food are the three pillars to sustain the growth of human population in the future, this book deals with all the above aspects with particular emphasis on water and energy. In particular, the book addresses applications of membrane science and technology for water and wastewater treatment, energy and environment. Th
A reference for engineers, scientists, and academics who want to be abreast of the latest industrial separation/treatment technique, this new volume aims at providing a holistic vision on the potential of advanced membrane processes for solving challenging separation problems in industrial applications. Separation processes are challenging steps in any process industry for isolation of products and recycling of reactants. Membrane technology has shown immense potential in separation of liquid and gaseous mixtures, effluent treatment, drinking water purification and solvent recovery. It has found endless popularity and wide acceptance for its small footprint, higher selectivity, scalability, energy saving capability and inherent ease of integration into other unit operations. There are many situations where the target component cannot be separated by distillation, liquid extraction, and evaporation. The different membrane processes such as pervaporation, vapor permeation and membrane distillation could be used for solving such industrial bottlenecks. This book covers the entire array of fundamental aspects, membrane synthesis and applications in the chemical process industries (CPI). It also includes various applications of pervaporation, vapor permeation and membrane distillation in industrially and socially relevant problems including separation of azeotropic mixtures, close-boiling compounds, organic–organic mixtures, effluent treatment along with brackish and seawater desalination, and many others. These processes can also be applied for extraction of small quantities of value-added compounds such as flavors and fragrances and selective removal of hazardous impurities, viz., volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as vinyl chloride, benzene, ethyl benzene and toluene from industrial effluents. Including case studies, this is a must-have for any process or chemical engineer working in the industry today. Also valuable as a learning tool, students and professors in chemical engineering, chemistry, and process engineering will benefit greatly from the groundbreaking new processes and technologies described in the volume.
Hardbound. Covered here are the various aspects of pervaporation: theory and principles, separation characteristics, sorption and diffusion, thermodynamics and evaluation of polymer materials for membranes, as well as plant design and optimization. The book also includes interesting new material on the synthesis of novel copolymer membranes with very high separation potential and future implications for the pervaporation separation of biological systems and its applications in the exciting field of biochemical engineering. Special attention is paid to industrial research and applications of pervaporation membranes and plant operations involving new pervaporation processes.The book also includes a chapter dealing with the development of vapour permeation for industrial applications, which is a new variant of liquid pervaporation processes.
Pervaporation is a separation process in which the selective permeation of components of a liquid mixture is achieved by way of a chemical potential gradient through a non-porous membrane. In Pervaporation: Process, Materials and Applications, the fundamentals and applications of pervaporation are described as a promising technique for the recovery of flavor compounds from dilute aqueous solutions, separation of azeotropic mixtures and for the dehydration of organic solvents. This collection also describes history of pervaporation in an effort to outline the differences between this and other membrane separation technologies including dialysis, ultrafiltration, microfiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis. The closing chapter focuses on the authors on-going development of high performance bio-based cellulosic membranes for ethyl tert-butyl ether purification by pervaporation. Cellulose acetate is extremely selective for ethanol removal from ethyl tert-butyl ether, however its flux is very low. Different strategies for improving its flux while maintaining a high selectivity are described and the main relationships between membrane structure, morphology and properties are illustrated.
This ready reference on Membrane Technologies for Water Treatment, is an invaluable source detailing sustainable, emerging processes, to provide clean, energy saving and cost effective alternatives to conventional processes. The editors are internationally renowned leaders in the field, who have put together a first-class team of authors from academia and industry to present a highly approach to the subject. The book is an instrumental tool for Process Engineers, Chemical Engineers, Process Control Technicians, Water Chemists, Environmental Chemists, Materials Scientists and Patent Lawyers.