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Este documento presenta los resultados de una encuesta sobre el impacto del conflicto armado en el sector privado colombiano, realizada por el Programa de Investigación sobre Construcción de Paz (CONPAZ) del Departamento de Ciencia Política de la Universidad de los Andes. La encuesta buscó especificar la percepción del impacto teniendo en cuenta el tamaño de la empresa, el sector de la economía, la zona de operaciones y el municipio. Los resultados ilustran que el impacto es importante, pero desigual, y que aunque son más altos los costos indirectos, también son más difíciles de medir, poco espectaculares, fáciles de atribuir a factores alternos y diluidos dentro del conjunto empresarial, contrario a los directos, los cuales son más visibles y susceptibles de medición, concentrados en pocas empresas y más fácilmente motivan una reacción empresarial. Por lo tanto, si bien se puede sugerir la existencia de un dividendo de la paz en Colombia, la dispersión del impacto entre fracciones empresariales distintas y la existencia de condiciones atenuantes dificultan la tarea para aquellos interesados en atraer el sector privado como socio en la construcción de paz. Al mismo tiempo, los resultados sugieren que el potencial del sector privado –en términos de su aporte a la construcción de la paz– es grande, pues tres cuartas partes de los encuestados declararon que, en ausencia de conflicto, invertirían más en productividad, en innovación y en emplear a más trabajadores.
Many view civil wars as violent contests between armed combatants. But history shows that community groups, businesses, NGOs, local governments, and even armed groups can respond to war by engaging in civil action. Characterized by a reluctance to resort to violence and a willingness to show enough respect to engage with others, civil action can slow, delay, or prevent violent escalations. This volume explores how people in conflict environments engage in civil action, and the ways such action has affected violence dynamics in Syria, Peru, Kenya, Northern Ireland, Mexico, Bosnia, Afghanistan, Spain, and Colombia. These cases highlight the critical and often neglected role that civil action plays in conflicts around the world.
New ethnographic data leads to insights into the widespread yet understudied phenomenon of criminal extortion in Latin America.
This title presents a survey of the crime problem in Latin America, which takes a very broad and appropriately reductionist approach to analyse the determinants of the high crime levels, focusing on the negative social conditions in the region, including inequality and poverty, and poor policy design, such as relatively low police presence. The chapters illustrate three channels through which crime might generate poverty, that is, by reducing investment, by introducing assets losses, and by reducing the value of assets remaining in the control of households.
There is long-standing debate on how population growth affects national economies. A new report from Population Matters examines the history of this debate and synthesizes current research on the topic. The authors, led by Harvard economist David Bloom, conclude that population age structure, more than size or growth per se, affects economic development, and that reducing high fertility can create opportunities for economic growth if the right kinds of educational, health, and labor-market policies are in place. The report also examines specific regions of the world and how their differing policy environments have affected the relationship between population change and economic development.
'Human rights and conflict' is divided into three parts, each capturing the role played by human rights at a different stage in the conflict cycle.
This paper develops a model based on Schumpeter's process of creative destruction. It departs from existing models of endogenous growth in emphasizing obsolescence of old technologies induced by the accumulation of knowledge and the resulting process or industrial innovations. This has both positive and normative implications for growth. In positive terms, the prospect of a high level of research in the future can deter research today by threatening the fruits of that research with rapid obsolescence. In normative terms, obsolescence creates a negative externality from innovations, and hence a tendency for laissez-faire economies to generate too many innovations, i.e too much growth. This "business-stealing" effect is partly compensated by the fact that innovations tend to be too small under laissez-faire. The model possesses a unique balanced growth equilibrium in which the log of GNP follows a random walk with drift. The size of the drift is the average growth rate of the economy and it is endogenous to the model ; in particular it depends on the size and likelihood of innovations resulting from research and also on the degree of market power available to an innovator.
This volume examines Colombia’s political economy at the outset of the twenty-first century. A group of leading experts explores various issues, such as drug trafficking, organized crime, economic performance, the internal armed conflict, and human rights. The experts highlight the various challenges that Colombia faces today. This volume is a major contribution to the field and provides a current panorama of the Colombia conflict.