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It has been proposed that individuals who regard body shape and weight as important aspects of the self will display "schematic processing" for body shape- and weight-related information (Markus, 1977; Markus, Hamill, & Sentis, 1987). Based on this theory, it was predicted that dieters, a group highly concerned with body shape and weight, would display memory bias for body shape-related information whereas non-dieters would not. Four studies were conducted to examine memory bias for body shape stimuli, as well as task and situational factors that may influence this process in dieters and non-dieters. Study 1 examined the effect of a milkshake priming manipulation on implicit and explicit memory for body shape stimuli. Both dieters and non-dieters displayed an explicit memory bias for body shape words relative to neutral words and non-dieters displayed poorer implicit memory for body shape words relative to neutral words. The milkshake had no effect on memory. Study 2 investigated the relation between attentional bias and memory bias. Dieters did not display an attentional bias for body shape words on a modified Stroop task, but did display a significant attentional bias for fat words on a word reading task. Both dieters and non-dieters displayed an explicit memory bias for body shape words. Study 3 extended Studies 1 and 2 by examining the effect of the body shape of the experimenter on memory for body shape words, as measured by a more effortful memory task (i.e., free recall). Manipulation of the experimenter's body shape served to prime body shape and weight thoughts. With an average-weight experimenter, dieters displayed a memory bias for body shape words; in contrast, non-dieters did not exhibit any memory bias. With an underweight or overweight experimenter, the non-dieters resembled the dieters in the average-weight experimenter condition, displaying a memory bias for body shape words. Study 4 investigated an interactional theory of memory bias looking at the influence of an environmental factor (priming by weight and shape questionnaires) and the nature and level of the encoding task on memory for body shape words. Surprisingly, the priming manipulation had no effect on memory. However, both the nature and level of encoding interacted with dieting status to produce memory bias for body shape stimuli. It was concluded that dieters are in a state of chronic activation with respect to body shape and weight thoughts. Dieters consistently displayed a memory bias for body shape stimuli and were not greatly influenced by priming manipulations. In contrast, whether non-dieters will display a memory bias for body shape stimuli is highly dependent on their weight and shape thoughts being activated by a priming event.
Emotional disorders such as anxiety, depression, and dysfunctional patterns of eating are clearly among the most devastating and prevalent confronting practitioners, and they have received much attention from researchers--in personality, social, cognitive, and developmental psychology, as well as in clinical psychology and psychiatry. A major recent focus has been cognitive vulnerability, which seems to set the stage for recurrences of symptoms and episodes. In the last five years there has been a rapid proliferation of studies. In this book, leading experts present the first broad synthesis of what we have now learned about the nature, of cognitive factors that seem to play a crucial role in creating and maintaining vulnerability across the spectrum of emotional disorders. An introductory chapter considers theory and research design and methodology and constructs a general conceptual framework for understanding and studying the relationships between developmental and cognitive variables and later risk, and the difference between distal cognitive antecedents of disorders (e.g. depressive inferential styles, dysfunctional attitudes) and proximal ones (e.g. schema activation or inferences). Subsequent chapters are organized into three sections, on mood, anxiety, and eating disorders. Each section ends with an integrative overview chapter that offers both incisive commentary and insightful suggestions for further systematic research. A rich resource for all those professionally concerned with these problems, Cognitive Vulnerability to Emotional Disorders advances both clinical science and clinical practice.
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Regardless of their specific diagnosis, many people seeking treatment for psychological problems have some form of difficulty in managing emotional experiences. This state-of-the-art volume explores how emotion regulation mechanisms are implicated in the etiology, development, and maintenance of psychopathology. Leading experts present current findings on emotion regulation difficulties that cut across diagnostic boundaries and present psychotherapeutic approaches in which emotion regulation is a primary target of treatment. Building crucial bridges between research and practice, chapters describe cutting-edge assessment and intervention models with broad clinical utility, such as acceptance and commitment therapy, mindfulness-based therapy, and behavioral activation treatment.
This second edition of the Handbook of Eating Disorders offers a comprehensive, critical account of the whole field of eating disorders, incorporating both basic knowledge and a synthesis of the most recent developments in the area. Many of the important developments in recent years are reflected in this expanded volume such as the basic science of appetite control, the discovery of leptin and the knowledge about the neurotramsmitters involved in eating. An invaluable review of scientific knowledge and approaches to treatment of eating disorders from anorexia nervosa to obesity. * Covers basic concepts and science, clinical considerations of definition and assessment, and treatment approaches * Focuses on newer developments in research and treatment * Reflects evidence-based approaches to treatment as a guide to best practice * Includes many new chapters and authors who represent the most authoritative scientists and clinicians worldwide
As the 66th volume in the prestigious Nebraska Series on Motivation, this book focuses on understanding emotion and motivation as two factors that not only influence social and cognitive processes, but also shape the way we navigate our social world. Research on emotion has increased significantly over the past two decades, pulling from scholarship in psychology, neuroscience, medicine, political science, sociology, and even computer science. This volume is informed by the growing momentum in the resulting interdisciplinary field of affective science, and examines the role of emotion and motivation in our perceptions, decision-making, and social interactions, and attempts to understand the neurobiological mechanisms that support these processes across the lifespan in both healthy and clinical populations. Included among the chapters: Emotion concept development from childhood to adulthood Evolving psychological and neural models for the regulation of emotion Pathways to motivational impairments in psychopathology A valuation systems perspective on motivation Reproducible, generalizable brain models of affective processes Emotion in the Mind and Body is a comprehensive and compelling rendering of the current state of the interdisciplinary field of affective science, and will be of interest to researchers and students working in psychology and neuroscience, as well as medicine, political science, and sociology.
This handbook reviews research and clinical developments through synthetic chapters written by experts from various fields of study and clinical backgrounds. It discusses each of the main anxiety disorders and examines diagnostic criteria, prevalence rates, comorbidity, and clinical issues.
The intention of this book was to have investigators describe an expert opinion on their field of research and cutting-edge work in their laboratory on the neurobiology and treatment of eating disorders.