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This book describes experimental advances made in the interpretation of visual motion over the last few years that have moved researchers closer to emulating the way in which we recover information about the surrounding world.
Image motion processing is important to machine vision systems because it can lead to the recovery of 3D structure and motion. Author Amar Mitiche offers a comprehensive mathematical treatment of this key subject in visual systems research. Mitiche examines the interpretation of point correspondences as well as the interpretation of straight line correspondences and optical flow. In addition, the author considers interpretation by knowledge-based systems and presents the relevant mathematical basis for 3D interpretation.
Interpretation of Visual Motion: A Computational Study provides an information processing point of view to the phenomenon of visual motion. This book discusses the computational theory formulated for recovering the scene from monocular visual motion, determining the local geometry and rigid body motion of surfaces from spatio-temporal parameters of visual motion. This compilation also provides a theoretical and computational framework for future research on visual motion, both in human vision and machine vision areas. Other topics include the computation of image flow from intensity derivatives, instantaneous image flow due to rigid motion, time and space-time derivatives of image flow, and estimation of maximum absolute error. This publication is recommended for professionals and non-specialists intending to acquire knowledge of visual motion.
Lewis Carroll once wrote a story about a king who wanted a very accurate map of his kingdom. The king had a pathologically fastidious eye for detail and consequently decided that the map was to be produced at a scale of 1:1. The scribes dutifully set to and, in time, the map was made. The map carried details of every tree, every rock and every blade of grass throughout the entire land. The problem occurred when they tried to use -it. First of all, the map was extraordinarily difficult to open out and line up with the countryside. Its sheer bulk meant that it took whole armies to carry it and a great host of bureaucrats and technicians to maintain the information. Such was the detail of the map that as soon as the wind blew strongly, whole sections needed to be redrawn. What was worse was that all the farmers protested because the map completely cut out the light from the sun and all the crops died. Eventually the howls of protest became so strong that the king was forced to take action. He did away with the old paper copy and decided to use the kingdom itself as the map. All lived happily ever after. There are, at least, two morals to this tale. First, you are almost certainly doomed to failure if you do not get the representation of the problem right.
Techniques of vision-based motion analysis aim to detect, track, identify, and generally understand the behavior of objects in image sequences. With the growth of video data in a wide range of applications from visual surveillance to human-machine interfaces, the ability to automatically analyze and understand object motions from video footage is of increasing importance. Among the latest developments in this field is the application of statistical machine learning algorithms for object tracking, activity modeling, and recognition. Developed from expert contributions to the first and second International Workshop on Machine Learning for Vision-Based Motion Analysis, this important text/reference highlights the latest algorithms and systems for robust and effective vision-based motion understanding from a machine learning perspective. Highlighting the benefits of collaboration between the communities of object motion understanding and machine learning, the book discusses the most active forefronts of research, including current challenges and potential future directions. Topics and features: provides a comprehensive review of the latest developments in vision-based motion analysis, presenting numerous case studies on state-of-the-art learning algorithms; examines algorithms for clustering and segmentation, and manifold learning for dynamical models; describes the theory behind mixed-state statistical models, with a focus on mixed-state Markov models that take into account spatial and temporal interaction; discusses object tracking in surveillance image streams, discriminative multiple target tracking, and guidewire tracking in fluoroscopy; explores issues of modeling for saliency detection, human gait modeling, modeling of extremely crowded scenes, and behavior modeling from video surveillance data; investigates methods for automatic recognition of gestures in Sign Language, and human action recognition from small training sets. Researchers, professional engineers, and graduate students in computer vision, pattern recognition and machine learning, will all find this text an accessible survey of machine learning techniques for vision-based motion analysis. The book will also be of interest to all who work with specific vision applications, such as surveillance, sport event analysis, healthcare, video conferencing, and motion video indexing and retrieval.
An image or video sequence is a series of two-dimensional (2-D) images sequen tially ordered in time. Image sequences can be acquired, for instance, by video, motion picture, X-ray, or acoustic cameras, or they can be synthetically gen erated by sequentially ordering 2-D still images as in computer graphics and animation. The use of image sequences in areas such as entertainment, visual communications, multimedia, education, medicine, surveillance, remote control, and scientific research is constantly growing as the use of television and video systems are becoming more and more common. The boosted interest in digital video for both consumer and professional products, along with the availability of fast processors and memory at reasonable costs, has been a major driving force behind this growth. Before we elaborate on the two major terms that appear in the title of this book, namely motion analysis and image sequence processing, we like to place them in their proper contexts within the range of possible operations that involve image sequences. In this book, we choose to classify these operations into three major categories, namely (i) image sequence processing, (ii) image sequence analysis, and (iii) visualization. The interrelationship among these three categories is pictorially described in Figure 1 below in the form of an "image sequence triangle".
The image taken by a moving camera changes with time. These image motions contain information about the motion of the camera and about the shapes of the objects in the field of view. There are two main types of image motion, finite displacements and image velocities. Finite displacements are described by the point correspondences between two images of the same scene taken from different positions. Image velocities are the velocities of the points in the image as they move over the projection surface. Reconstruction is the task of obtaining from the image-motions information about the camera motion or about the shapes of objects in the field of view. In this book the theory underlying reconstruction is described. Reconstruction from image motion is the subject matter of two different sci entific disciplines, photogrammetry and computer vision. In photogrammetry the accuracy of reconstruction is emphasised; in computer vision the emphasis is on methods for obtaining information from images in real time in order to guide a mechanical device such as a robot arm or an automatic vehicle. This book arises from recent work carried out in computer vision. Computer vision is a young field but it is developing rapidly. The earliest papers on reconstruction in the computer vision literature date back only to the mid 1970s. As computer vision develops, the mathematical techniques applied to the analysis of recon struction become more appropriate and more powerful.
Active Contours deals with the analysis of moving images - a topic of growing importance within the computer graphics industry. In particular it is concerned with understanding, specifying and learning prior models of varying strength and applying them to dynamic contours. Its aim is to develop and analyse these modelling tools in depth and within a consistent framework.
Qualitative models are better able than traditional models to express states of incomplete knowledge about continuous mechanisms. Qualitative simulation guarantees to find all possible behaviors consistent with the knowledge in the model. This expressive power and coverage is important in problem solving for diagnosis, design, monitoring, explanation, and other applications of artificial intelligence.
This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-conference proceedings of the International Dagstuhl-Seminar on Statistical and Geometrical Approaches to Visual Motion Analysis, held in Dagstuhl Castle, Germany, in July 2008. The workshop focused on critical aspects of motion analysis, including motion segmentation and the modeling of motion patterns. The aim was to gather researchers who are experts in the different motion tasks and in the different techniques used; also involved were experts in the study of human and primate vision. The 15 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from or initiated by the lectures given at the workshop. The papers are organized in topical sections on optical flow and extensions, human motion modeling, biological and statistical approaches, alternative approaches to motion analysis.