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In order to better understand the stratified combustion, the propagation of flame through stratified mixture field in laminar and turbulent flow conditions has been studied by using combined PIV/PLIF techniques. A great emphasis was placed on developing methods to improve the accuracy of local measurements of flame propagation. In particular, a new PIV approach has been developed to measure the local fresh gas velocity near preheat zone of flame front. To improve the resolution of measurement, the shape of interrogation window has been continuously modified based on the local flame topology and gas expansion effect. Statistical analysis of conditioned local measurements by the local equivalence ratio of flames allows the characterization of the properties of flame propagation subjected to the mixture stratification in laminar and turbulent flows, especially the highlight of the memory effect.
A work on turbulent premixed combustion is important because of increased concern about the environmental impact of combustion and the search for new combustion concepts and technologies. An improved understanding of lean fuel turbulent premixed flames must play a central role in the fundamental science of these new concepts. Lean premixed flames have the potential to offer ultra-low emission levels, but they are notoriously susceptible to combustion oscillations. Thus, sophisticated control measures are inevitably required. The editors' intent is to set out the modeling aspects in the field of turbulent premixed combustion. Good progress has been made on this topic, and this cohesive volume contains contributions from international experts on various subtopics of the lean premixed flame problem.
This book contains selected papers prepared for the NATO Advanced Study Institute on "Unsteady Combustion", which was held in Praia da Granja, Portugal, 6-17 September 1993. Approximately 100 delegates from 14 countries attended. The Institute was the most recent in a series beginning with "Instrumentation for Combustion and Flow in Engines", held in Vimeiro, Portugal 1987 and followed by "Combusting Flow Diagnostics" conducted in Montechoro, Portugal in 1990. Together, these three Institutes have covered a wide range of experimental and theoretical topics arising in the research and development of combustion systems with particular emphasis on gas-turbine combustors and internal combustion engines. The emphasis has evolved roughly from instrumentation and experimental techniques to the mixture of experiment, theory and computational work covered in the present volume. As the title of this book implies, the chief aim of this Institute was to provide a broad sampling of problems arising with time-dependent behaviour in combustors. In fact, of course, that intention encompasses practically all possibilities, for "steady" combustion hardly exists if one looks sufficiently closely at the processes in a combustion chamber. The point really is that, apart from the excellent paper by Bahr (Chapter 10) discussing the technology of combustors for aircraft gas turbines, little attention is directed to matters of steady performance. The volume is divided into three parts devoted to the subjects of combustion-induced oscillations; combustion in internal combustion engines; and experimental techniques and modelling.
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Since being discovered, combustion of fuels, especially fossil fuels in the last centuries, has been the dominant source of energy for human life. However, over the years, the adverse effects and shortcomings caused by the vast utilization of these energy sources have been observed; the three most important of which are unreliable resources, unfavorable natural outcomes, and limited performance. Using biofuels is one of the well-established proposed solutions to the scarcity and environmental issues of fossils as they are sustainable sources of energy with acceptable and even superior combustion characteristics. As a second-generation biofuel, anisole has shown promising results with high flame speed and high knock resistance. Therefore, the first chapter of this thesis is focused on experimental investigation of anisole laminar burning speed and stability properties so that it can be used as a benchmark for future kinetic mechanism validations. Stability is another important parameter in combustion systems, especially in diffusion jet flame combustion as used in many applications like thrusters or burners. Different methods are applied to improve the stability of such diffusion flames in propulsion systems, e.g., changing geometrical or flow characteristics of the burner. Most of these efforts have not been practically successful, due to the cost and compatibility issues. Another technique which minimizes such problems is to use electron impact excitation, dissociation and ionization and generate highly concentrated charged/excited species and active radicals. These methods include microwave, dielectric barrier, and repetitive nanosecond pulsed (RNP) discharge and the latter has shown promising results as one of the most effective low-temperature plasma (LTP) methods. In chapters 3 to 5, the benefits and issues associated with using RNP discharge in a single-element concentric methane-air inverse diffusion jet flame are discussed. It has been shown that RNP discharge with adequate discharge properties (voltage and repetition) can increase the stability of the flame and expand the flammability of the jet toward leaner compositions. However, the effectiveness is significant in a certain voltage-frequency ranges which results a non-thermal spark discharge mode. Hence, different modes of discharge were investigated and a parametric study on the transition between these modes were done.
A methodology for investigating premixed turbulent flames propagating in intense isotropic turbulence has been developed. The burner uses a turbulence generator developed by Videto and Santavicca and the flame is stabilized by weak-swirl generated by air injectors. This set-up produces stable premixed turbulent flames under a wide range of mixture conditions and turbulence intensities. The experiments are designed to investigate systematically the changes in flame structures for conditions which can be classified as wrinkled laminar flames, corrugated flames and flames with distributed reaction zones. Laser Doppler anemometry and Rayleigh scattering techniques are used to determine the turbulence and scalar statistics. In the intense turbulence, the flames are found to produce very little changes in the mean and rams velocities. Their flame speed increase linearly with turbulence intensity as for wrinkled laminar flames. The Rayleigh scattering pdfs for flames within the distributed reaction zone regime are distinctly bimodal. The probabilities of the reacting states (i.e. contributions from within the reaction zone) is not higher than those of wrinkled laminar flame. These results show that there is no drastic changes in flame structures at Karlovitz number close to unity. This suggest that the Klimov-Williams criterion under-predicts the resilience of wrinkled flamelets to intense turbulence.