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Examines trends in the mathematics scores of different racial-ethnic groups over time and analyzes how changes in family, school, and schooling measures help explain changes in the test score gaps. Although there were few positive changes between schools, the within-school experiences of black and Latino students changed for the better compared with white students when measured by student self-reported academic track placement.
Inequality is a marked and persistent feature of education systems, both in the developed and the developing worlds. Major gaps in opportunity and in outcomes have become more critical than in the past, thanks to the knowledge economy and globalization. The pursuit of equity as a goal of public policy is examined in this book through a series of national case-studies. The book covers many different global contexts from the wealthiest to some of the poorest nations on earth. It therefore offers a broad range of different theoretical and methodological approaches, and brings together extensive international experience in equity policy.
'Beginning with a remarkably comprehensive and accessible analysis of the gap's causes, the book offers a refreshingly balanced, evidence-based, state-of-the-art outline of productive solutions that should inform the work of all educational stakeholders' - Ken Leithwood, Professor, OISE/University of Toronto 'No one is better positioned than Joseph Murphy to provide lessons for education leaders on this important topic' - Andrew Porter, George and Diane Weiss Professor of Education , University of Pennsylvania 'For too long, the achievement gap has been proclaimed, discussed, and then dismissed as a subject of despair. Seldom has it been systematically defined, placed in historical perspective, or positively addressed. Through thorough scholarship, comprehensive knowledge, and creativity, this book fills that void' - James W. Guthrie, Patricia and Rodes Hart Professor of Educational Leadership and Public Policy, Vanderbilt University 'While offering no simple pathway to progress, this book reminds us how much more we can do to close achievement gaps' - Michael S. Knapp, Director Center for the Study of Teaching & Policy, University of Washington Distinguished researcher Joseph F. Murphy has gathered and analyzed the most up-to-date research and data to help headteachers understand what the achievement gap is, why it persists, and what teachers can do about it. This comprehensive handbook: - Examines external factors that contribute to achievement gaps, such as socioeconomic status, family environment, racism, and individual differences - Covers internal factors such as instruction, school culture, and school support - Provides strategies for addressing both internal and external factors to make an impact.
Eleven stimulating essays--using case studies of major cities and their schools--suggest what might be done to better foster equity and diversity in educating American public schoolchildren, highlighting the complications inherent in today's education system, and providing a framework for grappling with these problems.
This volume brings together leading scholars in urban education to focus on inner city matters, specifically as they relate to educational research, theory, policy, and practice. Each chapter provides perspectives on the history and evolving nature of urban education, the current education landscape, and helps chart an all-important direction for future work and needs. The Handbook addresses seven areas that capture the breadth and depth of available knowledge in urban education: (1) Psychology, Health and Human Development, (2) Sociological Perspectives, (3) Families and Communities, (4) Teacher Education and Special Education, (5) Leadership, Administration and Leaders, (6) Curriculum & Instruction, and (7) Policy and Reform.
Great leaders create stronger foundations by building Instructional Capacity Technology and the age of information have forced educators to rethink how they can create a supportive culture and build academic press. School leaders who learn how to balance these ideas will build successful teams to meet today’s standards. In this companion to Creating Productive Cultures in Schools, Joe Murphy unpacks essential elements of building instructional capacity-Academic Press- through effective management of instruction, curriculum, and assessment. Leaders and change facilitators who read this will: Be reminded how effective instruction works and what forces shape it Understand how powerful assessment ideas can guide successful change Discover secrets to hiring and developing capacity-rich talent Know how to approach and manage curriculum for 21st century outcomes "Over the past decade increasing emphasis has been given by scholars, policymakers and practitioners to the role leaders play in building the capacity of schools to improve teaching and learning. This volume provides a sound foundation for thinking about the meaning of ′capacity′ as well as the tools leaders can use for productive impact." Dr. Philip Hallinger Professor of Educational Management, Chulalongkorn University (Thailand) "This book is a practical synthesis of what we know about fostering instructional improvement that should be a required read for every principal. Murphy goes to the heart of leadership by focusing on what can be done in any school or community to strengthen teachers’ capacity to serve all students. There are no simple checklists, but a wise distillation of core ideas that will work in complex settings." Karen Seashore Louis, Regents Professor University of Minnesota
The research reported in Caught in the Act draws together the insights gained from a continuous professional development initiative for high school mathematics teachers, teaching in low socio-economic status and socially challenged environments in South Africa. The chapters show the possibilities for enhancing achievement in school mathematics if a strength-based approach is adopted to develop teaching with teachers and when their concerns are taken seriously. The book demonstrates that the ecological relevance – fitness for the context in which teachers are teaching – of the “goods” developed and distributed by initiatives should be a major consideration to offer hope for sustainable implementation to improve school mathematics education. The book is of interest to mathematics teachers, school leaders, mathematics curriculum advisors, policy makers and researchers.
The teacher training framework, introduced in September 2007, requires all teachers in the post-16 sector to possess knowledge, understanding and personal skills to at least level 2 in the minimum core for numeracy. Coverage and assessment of the core have to be embedded in all Certificate and Diploma courses leading to QTLS and ATLS status. This book is a practical guide to numeracy for trainee teachers in the Lifelong Learning sector. It enables trainee teachers to identify and develop their own numeracy skills and also to support their students′ numeracy.
Leading Researcher Joseph Murphy and his colleague Daniela Torre shed light on two critical issues in education today: student underachievement and how to build effective, high-performing schools. Murphy draws from considerable research and scholarship in the area of school reform. This research is based on meaningful links with the worlds of practice and policy, and builds upon our most robust understanding about school improvement. The book examines the historical footings of the American public school to expose the economic, political, social, and cultural currents that have shaped and continue to influence our understanding of public education and underachievement.
Addressing the disparity in test scores between black and white children remains one of the greatest social challenges of our time. Between the 1960s and 1980s, tremendous strides were made in closing the achievement gap, but that remarkable progress halted abruptly in the mid 1980s, and stagnated throughout the 1990s. How can we understand these shifting trends and their relation to escalating economic inequality? In Steady Gains and Stalled Progress, interdisciplinary experts present a groundbreaking analysis of the multifaceted reasons behind the test score gap—and the policies that hold the greatest promise for renewed progress in the future. Steady Gains and Stalled Progress shows that while income inequality does not directly lead to racial differences in test scores, it creates and exacerbates disparities in schools, families, and communities—which do affect test scores. Jens Ludwig and Jacob Vigdor demonstrate that the period of greatest progress in closing the gap coincided with the historic push for school desegregation in the 1960s and 1970s. Stagnation came after efforts to integrate schools slowed down. Today, the test score gap is nearly 50 percent larger in states with the highest levels of school segregation. Katherine Magnuson, Dan Rosenbaum, and Jane Waldfogel show how parents' level of education affects children's academic performance: as educational attainment for black parents increased in the 1970s and 1980s, the gap in children's test scores narrowed. Sean Corcoran and William Evans present evidence that teachers of black students have less experience and are less satisfied in their careers than teachers of white students. David Grissmer and Elizabeth Eiseman find that the effects of economic deprivation on cognitive and emotional development in early childhood lead to a racial divide in school readiness on the very first day of kindergarten. Looking ahead, Helen Ladd stresses that the task of narrowing the divide is not one that can or should be left to schools alone. Progress will resume only when policymakers address the larger social and economic forces behind the problem. Ronald Ferguson masterfully interweaves the volume's chief findings to highlight the fact that the achievement gap is the cumulative effect of many different processes operating in different contexts. The gap in black and white test scores is one of the most salient features of racial inequality today. Steady Gains and Stalled Progress provides the detailed information and powerful insight we need to understand a complicated past and design a better future.