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Since the start of the new millennium, many contemporary legal jurisdictions have been revisiting the fundamental principles of their civil procedures. Even the core areas of the civil process are not left untouched, including the way in which evidence is introduced, collected, and presented in court. In the field of evidence taking, one generator of the reforms has been slow and inefficient litigation. Both in Europe and globally, reaching a balance between the demands of factual accuracy and the need to adjudicate disputes in a swift, cost-effective, and efficient way is still one of the key challenges. Another reason why many countries are reforming their law of evidence is related to cultural and technological changes in modern societies. Traditional human rights (such as the right to privacy and due process) is shifting. The modern need for security, efficiency, and quick access to justice, along with the perception of what is admissible or not in the context of evidence taking, is changing as well. In the same sense, the fast pace of modern life commands different practices of fact-finding, accompanied by new methods of selection of evidence that are appropriate for this purpose. Last but not least, the overwhelming penetration of new technologies into all spheres of public and private life has the capacity to dramatically change the methods of the collection and presentation of evidence. Exploring these issues, contributors to this book reflect on how these trends affect the situation in their countries and present their views on further developments, both nationally and in comparison with the developments in other countries and regions. A further goal is to inquire whether, in spite of national differences that are still dominant, the approaches to civil evidence are converging, and whether reforms affecting fact-finding have a chance of leading to some forms of harmonization. (Series: Ius Commuen Europaeum - Vol. 139) Subject: Legal Procedure, Civil Law, Comparative Law]
The Revised 4th Edition of Civil Procedure: A Contemporary Approach is updated with references to the 2015 amendments to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, as well as case law developments since the 2014 publication date of the Fourth Edition. Major recent case law developments included in this revised edition consist of decisions from the Supreme Court addressing personal jurisdiction (Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, S.A. v. Brown, 131 S. Ct. 2846 (2011), J. McIntyre Machinery, Ltd. v. Nicastro, 131 S. Ct. 2780 (2011), and Daimler AG v. Bauman, 134 S. Ct. 746 (2014)), federal question jurisdiction (Gunn v. Minton, 133 S. Ct. 1059 (2013)), removal of class actions (Standard Fire Ins. Co. v. Knowles, 133 S. Ct. 1345 (2013)), change of venue and forum-selection clauses (Atl. Marine Constr. Co., Inc. v. U.S. Dist. Court for W. Dist. of Texas, 134 S. Ct. 568 (2013) [now a principal case]), class certification (Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, 131 S. Ct. 2541 (2011), Comcast Corp. v. Behrend, 133 S. Ct. 1426 (2013), Amgen Inc. v. Conn. Ret. Plans & Trust Funds, 133 S. Ct. 1184 (2013)), class arbitration waivers (AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion, 131 S. Ct. 1740 (2011) and American Express Co. v. Italian Colors Restaurant, 133 S. Ct. 2304 (2013)), and offers of judgment (Genesis HealthCare Corp. v. Symczyk, 133 S. Ct. 1523 (2013)). Regarding the 2015 amendments to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, this revised edition makes reference to them in the text where appropriate. The changes include the "Duke Rules" package, which alters Rules 1, 4, 16, 26, 30, 31, 33 and 34 to make proportionality a main component of the scope of discovery, to eliminate access to subject matter discovery, require early discussions regarding preservation and privilege protection, permit early document requests, and shorten the time permitted to issue scheduling orders and to achieve service of process. The amendment to Rule 37 codifies an approach to preservation and spoliation that favors curative measures unless there is intentional spoliation, in which case more severe sanctions such as adverse inference instructions or dismissal become available. This edition also fully incorporates recent amendments to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and to Title 28 of the U.S. Code, including the Federal Courts Jurisdiction and Venue Clarification Act of 2011 and the 2013 amendment to Rule 45 (subpoenas). Finally, the Revised Fourth Edition integrates references to online assessment tools in the Casebook Plus platform. These consist of a bank of 200 multiple-choice questions that provide comprehensive assessment of the topics covered in this book, with detailed feedback consisting of explanations for both correct and incorrect responses. This feature provides an unparalleled opportunity to engage with the material actively as the course progresses and permits students and professors to determine the extent to which the material is being learned.
From divorce proceedings to personal injury disputes to lawsuits over busing, affirmative action, and labor relations, most conflicts in American society may eventually find their way into a courtroom. Such civil conflicts, which do not involve violations of the criminal code, encompass both actions between private parties and public controversies. This clear and direct book by two distinguished professors of law describes and analyzes civil litigation in the United States. Geoffrey C. Hazard, Jr., and Michele Taruffo discuss both specific details and broader themes of American civil litigation, explaining (without legalese) jury trial, the adversary system, the power of courts to make law as well as to "declare" it, and the role of civil justice in government and in the resolution of controversial social issues. Hazard and Taruffo examine the stages of civil procedure, including the lawyers' role in: preparing and presenting cases; the pretrial, pleading and discovery, trial, and appeal process; and procedural variations. They explore the historical evolution of common law and procedure and compare American civil procedure with that in other modern societies in Europe, Latin America, and Japan. They conclude by discussing the economic, political, and moral constraints on litigation, possible innovations to the process, and the political significance of public access to civil justice.
This book is a collection of papers that address a fundamental question: What is the role of civil justice and civil procedure in the various national traditions in the contemporary world? The book presents striking differences among a range of countries and legal traditions, but also points to common trends and open issues. It brings together prominent experts, professionals and scholars from both civil and common law jurisdictions. It represents all main legal traditions ranging from Europe (Germanic and Romanic countries, Scandinavia, ex-Socialist countries) and Russia to the Americas (North and South) and China (Mainland and Hong Kong). While addressing the main issue – the goals of civil justice – the book discusses the most topical concerns regarding the functioning and efficiency of national systems of civil justice. These include concerns such as finding the appropriate balance between accurate fact-finding and the right to a fair trial within a reasonable time, the processing of hard cases and the function of civil justice as a specific public service. In the mosaic of contrasts and oppositions special place is devoted to the continuing battle between the individualistic/liberal approach and the collectivist/paternalistic approach – the battle in which, seemingly, paternalistic tendencies regain momentum in a number of contemporary justice systems.
National civil justice systems are deeply rooted in national legal cultures and traditions. However, in the past few decades they have been increasingly influenced by integration processes at the regional, supra-national and international level. As a by-product of the emergence of economic and political unions and globalisation processes there is pressure to harmonise or even unify the way in which national civil justice systems operate. In an attempt to create a ‘genuine area of justice’, new unified procedures are being developed, which operate in parallel with national civil procedures, and sometimes even strive to replace them. As a reaction to the forces that endeavour to harmonise and unify procedural laws and practices, an opposing trend is gaining momentum: one that insists on diversity and pluralism of national civil procedures. This book focuses on the evolution of procedural reforms in various jurisdictions and the ongoing transformation of national civil justice systems.
Deirdre Dwyer examines how a court can decide when to accept an expert's opinion, focusing on English civil justice.
Well-chosen negative legal proof rules can be useful procedural safeguards. They existed in both pre-modern and modern criminal procedures.