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Invasive bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) and silver carp (H. molitrix), hereafter, bigheaded carp, pose a major threat to the Great Lakes ecosystem as they advance toward Lake Michigan via the Illinois River. However, a series of navigation dams may deter their upstream movement. Starved Rock Lock and Dam (SRLD) is the most downstream gated dam on the Illinois River, therefore presenting the first navigation challenge for upstream migrating bigheaded carp. Before 2015, five acoustic receivers near SRLD detected successful upstream passage of only two of 900 tagged bigheaded carp. I further investigated the permeability of SRLD to bigheaded carp migration as a function of temperature, gage height, and dam operation. In 2015, I added 12 receivers around SRLD and acoustically tagged an additional 118 bigheaded carp downstream of SRLD. I also investigated the timing of bigheaded carp arriving downstream of SRLD using a generalized linear model. The explanatory variables influencing bigheaded carp arrival were average water temperature, average tailwater elevation, and the change in average water temperature. During 2015-2016, acoustic receivers recorded a total of 11 upstream passage events through SRLD, with nine through the dam gates, one through the lock chamber, and one undetermined. Passage through the dam gates occurred most frequently at high water levels when the dam gates were completely out of the water. The probability of upstream migrating bigheaded carp approaching SRLD was positively correlated with rising temperature and high gage. No upstream migrants approached SRLD between mid-September and late March. Overall, dam gates were more susceptible to upstream passage than the lock chamber, and environmental factors accurately predicted the arrival of bigheaded carp at SRLD. Modifying gate use during times of bigheaded carp arrival will likely prevent upstream passage through SRLD and other lock and dam structures.
Informing monitoring and surveillance efforts for invasive species is crucial for effective management to minimize negative ecological, economic, and social impacts. Management responses to the invasion of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead carp (H. nobilis)--collectively termed bigheaded carps--in the upper Illinois waterway involve removal efforts to maintain low abundance near the invasion front and surveillance to detect any spread farther upriver. However, the efficiency and effectiveness of these efforts may be limited by the low abundance and patchy distributions of bigheaded carps near the invasion front, as well as the spatial scope of the gears used to sample them. My thesis applied mobile hydroacoustic sampling to understand the factors influencing the distributions of silver carp near the invasion front in the upper Illinois waterway, and factors influencing the observability and detectability of fishes with this gear. These results will be useful to inform removal and surveillance efforts in the upper Illinois waterway and reduce the risk of further upstream invasion into the Great Lakes. To assess factors influencing abundance, bi-monthly (March - October) mobile hydroacoustic sampling was conducted from 2017-2018 and paired with continuous environmental variable data collection in the Dresden Island and Marseilles pools, the upper two invaded pools of the Illinois waterway. Environmental variables collected were water temperature, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, turbidity, chlorophyll-a concentration, blue-green algae concentration, and depth. Logistic and multiple regressions were performed within pool during each sampling period to describe factors associated with silver carp presence, and factors associated with their densities in areas where they were present. Silver carp densities fluctuated across space and time, suggesting environmental variables influenced distributions. Depth was the most consistent predictor of silver carp presence and density, with shallower depths associated with higher abundance. Specifically, in summer months, areas in large backwater habitats with lower temperature, higher dissolved oxygen, and higher chlorophyll-a concentration tended to hold more silver carp. These results suggest removal efforts should be focused on shallower depths within sites, and should target areas in backwaters with lower water temperature, higher dissolved oxygen, and higher chlorophyll-a concentrations during summer months. To inform bigheaded carp surveillance efforts upstream of the invasion front, the influence of factors of vessel speed, wind speed, and beam compensation on the observability (the proportion of the true abundance of fish that fall within the acoustic beam) and detectability (the proportion of observable fish that are detected) of fishes in large rivers with mobile horizontal hydroacoustic sampling was also evaluated. To accomplish this, 23 sets of paired trawl floats (buoys) were deployed in a 2.1 km stretch of the Dresden Island Pool, and four sets of replicate hydroacoustic surveys were conducted past them at three vessel speeds. Mean wind speed during each survey was obtained, and proportion of buoys observed and detected were quantified under two different maximum beam compensation values (6 dB and 12 dB). Results revealed significant interactions between vessel speed and wind speed, with observability increasing with wind speed at slow and fast vessel speeds, but decreasing at intermediate vessel speeds. Detectability decreased with greater wind speed across all vessel speeds, with more pronounced effects at slower vessel speeds. Significant positive effects of beam compensation occurred for both observability and detectability. These results suggest, to improve detection of bigheaded carps, sampling should be focused on calm days under moderate vessel speeds when analyzing with standard beam compensation values. Broadening beam compensation was shown to increase observability and detectability, but needs further investigation. Ultimately, these studies provide valuable information to assist management efforts to control bigheaded carps near the invasion front in the upper Illinois waterway, and detect any individuals that may spread farther upriver towards the Great Lakes.
The importance of free longitudinal passage of river fauna is stressed.
"Proceedings of the Symposium, 'Invasive Asian Carps in North America: a Forum to Understand the Biology and Manage the Problem,' held in Peoria, Illinois, USA, August 22-23, 2006
'An interesting book catering perhaps for a more specific audience. It does however provide a somewhat new view of the problems of the field of biological invasions and is worth the effort.' - Ann Sundqvist, M2 Best Books 'Once again, Charles Perrings and colleagues have broken new ground by applying economic and ecological analysis to the very real problem of biological invasions. This is path-breaking work in what promises to be a new sub-discipline within environmental economics.' - David Pearce, University College London, UK Biological invasions - the introduction of living organisms beyond their original range - are one of the main drivers of biodiversity loss. They are a major threat to human health and a source of pests and pathogens in the world's farms, forests and fisheries. The growth of international trade and travel means that more species are being introduced to more places than ever before. This book represents the first concerted effort to understand the economic causes and consequences of biological invasions. The volume discusses the theoretical and methodological issues raised by invasion, including control strategies, modelling options, and a study of the economic, institutional and policy conditions that predispose countries to biological invasions. Also included are case studies of fisheries, agricultural systems, tropical forests and protected areas affected by invasive species in locations such as the Black Sea, Australia and Africa, and an evaluation of control programmes.
Describing the natural state of eight important lakes in Asia and the human impact on these lake ecosystems, this book offers a valuable reference guide. Over the past several decades the Aral Sea, Dead Sea, Lake Balkhash and other major lakes in Asia have undergone significant changes with regard to their size, water level, chemical composition, and flora and fauna. Most of these changes resulted from the loss of water from tributaries (now used for irrigation farming) or increasing consumption in local industries and households. However, significant human impacts may have begun as early as 2000 years ago. In addition to the three lakes mentioned above, Lake Sevan (Armenia), the Caspian Sea (Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan), Lake Issyk-Kul (Kyrgyzstan), and Lake Lop Nur (China) are discussed as the most prominent examples of changing lake ecosystems. In contrast, an example of an almost pristine lake ecosystem is included with the report on Lake Uvs Nuur (Mongolia). For each lake, the book summarizes its origin and early geological history, and reconstructs its natural state and variability on the basis of proxy records from drilled or exposed lake sediments that have accumulated since the last ice age. The frequently observed reductions in lake level and size during most recent decades led often to significant environmental impacts in the respective lake catchments including vegetation deterioration, soil erosion and badland formation, soil salinization or the formation of sinkholes.
The second-longest European river after the Volga, the Danube is one of the world’s most important rivers in terms of its geographical and historical significance. In recent history, it has served as a major international waterway and numerous cities, including four capitals, have been founded on its banks. The 2826km-long Danube has a watershed measuring 801,093 km2 that is now shared between 19 countries, from its source in the Black Forest to the Black Sea, into which it pumps an average of 827 km3 of water a year. This book describes and explains key landscape values interactions (geographical, cultural and natural heritage). It also identifies the threats and various types of human impact affecting this system in all the countries of the Danube River Basin, based on the investigations and perspectives of a team of experienced naturalists, and in the context of the early 21st century, in which the human-nature relationship is still far from balanced. These studies demonstrate how biodiversity, conservation and ecological studies can help us successfully promote mutual cooperation and combine our efforts to address problems as a responsible continent.
Culture and Capture of Fish in Chinese Reservoirs