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The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is the primary federal agency responsible for remediation of indoor and outdoor areas in the aftermath of a terrorist incident in which chemical agents are released. Therefore, as a part of EPA's homeland security research program, EPA conducts research to help first responders and decision-makers minimize environmental impact and human health effects following the release of a chemical agent. EPA has commissioned this evaluation into the efficacy of household or industrial cleaning products when applied to the cleanup of chemical agents. Bench-scale testing was utilized to evaluate the efficacy of household or industrial cleaning products on indoor surfaces contaminated with chemical agents agents (i.e., thickened sulfur mustard [THD], thickened soman [TGD], V-series nerve agent [VX], and sulfur mustard [HD]). The cleaning technologies evaluated were OxiClean® Versatile Stain Remover Powder, Zep® Cleaner and Degreaser Concentrate, K-O-K® Household Bleach (sodium hypochlorite, 5.25%), and Cascade® with Extra Bleach Action Gel dishwashing detergent. For cleaners that may reasonably be expected to react with chemical agents to produce toxic by-products, a qualitative assessment of decontamination by-products was performed. In addition, the corrosive and other potentially damaging effects of the cleaning technologies on the indoor materials were evaluated qualitatively by visual inspection. The testing approach involved spiking excised samples (coupons) of four indoor building materials (galvanized metal ductwork, decorative laminate, wood flooring, and industrial grade carpet) with chemical agent followed by application of cleaning technology test solutions for one or two 30-minute contact periods. For Zep® industrial purple cleaner and K-O-K® bleach, tests were performed at two different strengths (i.e., degrees of dilution). The results for the best performing cleaning technologies from the bench-scale testing are shown for the chemical agents (THD, TGD, VX, and HD) in Table ES-1. The results show a range of efficacies which are dependent on the chemical agent and the material onto which the chemical agent was applied. Under the test conditions and with the materials tested, no cleaning technology was highly effective (>90% efficacy) in removing all chemical agents from all materials. Of the cleaning technologies tested, full-strength K-O-K® bleach generally had the highest efficacy against THD, TGD, VX, and HD. Toxic by-products, e.g., bis(beta-Chloroethyl) sulfone (Mustard sulfone; CAS 000471-03-4), were generated during the decontamination of HD with Zep® cleaner (full strength), K-O-K® bleach (10%), and K-O-K® bleach (full strength). EA 2192 (S-2-Diisopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonothioic acid) is another highly toxic by-product that, if present, would be a human-health hazard. This by-product was generated in the decontamination of VX with Zep® cleaner at full strength and K-O-K® bleach at 10%; no EA 2192 was measured in the decontamination of VX using K-O-K® bleach at full strength. Little material damage was visually apparent from the use of the cleaning technologies. Zep® cleaner (full strength) caused visible discolorations on laminate coupons. No other surface damage was observed.
This book covers the security and safety of CBRNE assets and management, and illustrates which risks may emerge and how to counter them through an enhanced risk management approach. It also tackles the CBRNE-Cyber threats, their risk mitigation measures and the relevance of raising awareness and education enforcing a CBRNE-Cy security culture. The authors present international instruments and legislation to deal with these threats, for instance the UNSCR1540. The authors address a multitude of stakeholders, and have a multidisciplinary nature dealing with cross-cutting areas like the convergence of biological and chemical, the development of edging technologies, and in the cyber domain, the impelling risks due to the use of malwares against critical subsystems of CBRN facilities. Examples are provided in this book. Academicians, diplomats, technicians and engineers working in the chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, explosive and cyber fields will find this book valuable as a reference. Students studying in these related fields will also find this book useful as a reference.
Formulation Handbook for Industrial and Household Cleaning Products
This book presents more than 800 advanced cleaning product formulations for household, industrial, and automotive applications. All formulations are completely different from those in other volumes.If you would like to purchase the entir
Pollution has no borders. This popular 70’s saying from early ecologists is surprisingly still true nowadays despite overwhelming scientific evidence and public awareness of the occurrence of artificial toxic substances in water, food, air, living organisms and the environment. This book presents advanced reviews on pollutant occurrence, transfer, toxicity and remediation. The chapter on school air quality by Dambruoso et al. highlights the overlooked health issue of airborne pollutants in buildings. Children are particularly threatened because they spend 90% of their time indoors, even in summer. The chapter on industrial wastewater pollutants by Dsikowitzky and Schwarzbauer reviews pollutants from textile, petrochemical, paper, tire, chemical and pharmaceutical plants. The authors describe advanced analytical methods and ecotoxicity tests. Industrial pollutants include dioxins and furans that are also reviewed in the chapter by Mudhoo et al. The chapter on fly ash by Gianoncelli et al. presents many techniques to treat fly ash and, in turn, decrease pollutant concentrations. The authors also explain that fly ash can be recycled in agriculture, buildings and geopolymers. The chapter on antifouling paints used for ship protection, by Sousa et al., highlights the occurrence of toxic organotins in human organs such as heart, liver and breast milk. The chapter on surfactants by Rebello et al. focuses on safety concerns for humans and the ecosystems. Remediation techniques and green surfactants are presented. The chapters on toxic metals by Nava-Ruíz and Méndez-Armenta, Abarikwu and Ristić et al. describe sources, monitoring and diseases induced by lead, mercury, cadmium and thallium. The chapter on carcinogenic nitrosamines by Li et al. presents techniques and materials such as zeolites to remediate liquids and smoke containing nitrosamines.
River deltas are among the most sensitive and widely exploited territories habitats on Earth. Although predominantly shallow aquatic environments, river deltas are extremely important environments socioeconomically and their usage places ever-increasing stresses on these habitats, especially where there is any anthropogenic involvement. The effective governance and administration of river delta regions often requires an intricate scientific understanding of the various contributary natural processes. River Deltas Research - Recent Advances is a book that draws on the most recent world-class scientific research on river delta topics including climate change, water quality, geomorphology, anthropogenic stresses, water quality, sedimentation, ecosystems, and many more. The research was carried out by researchers who specialise in the river deltas and related issues.
Presenting effective, practicable strategies modeled from ultramodern technologies and framed by the critical insights of 78 field experts, this vastly expanded Second Edition offers 32 chapters of industry- and waste-specific analyses and treatment methods for industrial and hazardous waste materials-from explosive wastes to landfill leachate to wastes produced by the pharmaceutical and food industries. Key additional chapters cover means of monitoring waste on site, pollution prevention, and site remediation. Including a timely evaluation of the role of biotechnology in contemporary industrial waste management, the Handbook reveals sound approaches and sophisticated technologies for treating textile, rubber, and timber wastes dairy, meat, and seafood industry wastes bakery and soft drink wastes palm and olive oil wastes pesticide and livestock wastes pulp and paper wastes phosphate wastes detergent wastes photographic wastes refinery and metal plating wastes power industry wastes This state-of-the-art Second Edition is required reading for pollution control, environmental, chemical, civil, sanitary, and industrial engineers; environmental scientists; regulatory health officials; and upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in these disciplines.