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Pest risk assessment methodology; The role of IICA's agricultural health program in PRA.
"Many exotic species are kept and bred in captivity in Australia and New Zealand as companion or hobby animals, or for their commercial or conservation benefits. Frequent applications are made to import and keep new species. Australian and New Zealand Government authorities support a process of risk assessment and risk management to evaluate and manage any threats that imported exotic species could pose to agriculture, the environment and society. Two main factors considered in these assessments are the risk of a species establishing in the wild, and the risk of it causing harm. Attributes found to increase these risks for exotic vertebrates are described in this report. Models are presented for assessing establishment risk for exotic birds and mammals, reptiles and amphibians, and freshwater fish. Factors affecting pest status are also described here, along with their significance for assessing risks of adverse impact." -- From summary.
This text provides instruction on the concepts and application of risk analysis in the field of regulatory plant protection, covering topics such as the background on why and how risk analysis is conducted and specific methods for implementing risk analysis. This book also provides useful exercises and case studies to aid students of plant pathology and crop protection in their absorption of the subject. Equally useful for practitioners, this book is written by experts with a wealth of national and international experience.
Biological invasions are one of the strongest drivers of global environmental change, and invasive species are now often in the public discourse. At the same time, economists have begun to take a real interest in determining how invasive species interact with economic systems, and how invaders should be controlled to optimize societal wealth. Although the work from ecologists and economists have both greatly expanded our understanding of the drivers and impacts of invasions, little integration between the fields has occurred that would allow managers and policy-makers to identify the optical expenditures on, for example, prevention and control of invasive species. Because the level of effort expended on invasive species management is intricately linked to the costs and projected benefits of that management, there is an urgent need for greater synthesis between ecology and economics. This book brings ecology and economics together in new ways to address how we deal with the dynamics and impacts of invasive species, and is the outcome fo many years of collaborative research between a small group of economists and ecologists. The outcome is clear demonstration of the utility of combining ecological and economic models for addressing critical questions in the management of invasive species.
Invasive species are widely recognised as drivers of ecological change. As such, understanding the processes that facilitate invasion success, and the potential mechanisms and magnitude of impact, are critical for effective biosecurity management. Predicting risk associated with exotic species, so that management actions can be justified, is a major challenge faced by pest managers. In this thesis, I present a conceptual framework for assessing ecological risk in natural ecosystems developed from natural hazard (earthquake) risk assessment frameworks, and apply this using exotic ants as a model. To assess the vulnerability of different ecosystems to exotic ant invasion, I replicated a sampling study conducted across the Auckland region in 2004, allowing a temporal aspect to be included in the analyses. I found open-canopy ecosystems, consisting of short stature vegetation, to be most vulnerable to exotic ant invasion with several exotic ant species found to be ubiquitous throughout. In comparison, the same species were generally limited to the edges of closed-canopy forest ecosystems, even after a 10-year period. I then focused on dietary impact-related research within open-canopy ecosystems. I assessed competition between native and invasive ants using isotopic niche overlap and co-occurrence patterns, as well as employing DNA metabarcoding, to understand what invertebrate taxa are most at risk via predation. Furthermore, I investigated the potential disruption of floral visitor networks by exotic ants through conducting surveys across the flowering plant community and using focal observations to determine whether ants may be competitively excluding important pollinators. I found trophic position varied between native and invasive ant species; although two invasive species represented the two lowest trophic positions, most other species reflected trophic positions similar to predators. There was evidence of competitive exclusion between a native and invasive ant species, as revealed through high isotope niche overlap and negative co-occurrence patterns. Exotic ants were found to be common floral visitors, although this varied spatially. The presence of exotic ants on flowers was associated with a significant, negative response by important insect pollinators. Overall, my research greatly contributes to the ecological risk assessment posed by exotic species in native ecosystems and contributes to the impact-based research of invasive ants.