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The Las Vegas Valley faces a challenge in meeting its future water needs. Southern Nevada Water Authority (SNWA), the main water management agency in the Valley, is focusing on water conservation to reduce water demand. Current water use is 945 lpcd (250 gpcd) which SNWA aims to reduce to 752 lpcd (199 gpcd) by 2035. Presently the indoor outdoor water use proportion is about 40:60 in the Valley. An important component of the Valley's supply are the return flow credits which SNWA gets for the Colorado river water that they return back to the river. The credits process allows SNWA to withdraw additional one unit of river water for every unit of treated river water returned. The objectives of this research are (i) evaluating the extent to which the present available water supply can fulfill the water demand in the Valley in the future. This involves assessing the impacts of various water conservation policies and population projections on water supply and demand in the Las Vegas Valley (ii) evaluating the magnitude and interrelationship of the different outdoor water use components, their response to water conservation policies and their potential for water savings. This involves quantifying outdoor water use in response to water conservation, estimating the effect of nitrate loading in reuse water on the quality of shallow groundwater, and evaluating the potential for water savings from turf replacement in the Valley. To accomplish the research objectives, a water balance simulation model for the Valley has been developed, which documents the water cycle of the Valley and can be used to explore several what-if questions. System Dynamics (SD) modeling approach and software tool Stella are used to develop the model that runs the simulations from 1993 to 2035. The second policy explores the effect of conserving water only on the outdoor side. The third policy considers equal conservation both on the indoor and outdoor side while the fourth policy considers 67% outdoor and 33% indoor water use conservation. The fifth policy considers conserving water only on the indoor side. The results from the model for the first objective reveal the importance of outdoor water conservation and present it as a key solution. Water consumption decrease from 945 lpcd to 752 lpcd if met completely through outdoor conservation, generates the highest return flow credits. For the second objective the all outdoor conservation scenario gives the highest value of return flow credits and the least valucomponentscommponents of outdoor water use. The results can be a guide in developingoutdoortive outoor water conservation policies and the water balance model can be potentially used in helping policy makers make informed decisions on various water management issues--adapted from abstract.
This study investigated the impact of changing climate and growing population on water supply and demand in one of the most rapidly growing cities in the semi-arid regions of western US, Las Vegas Valley (LVV), Nevada. Future scenarios of supply and demand using climate and hydrological models of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP3) and a more recent CMIP5 have been evaluated and a comparison of their results has been made. A system dynamics model for LVV was developed with a period of study from 1989 to 2049. For the study area, climate and hydrological data projections for the future period (2013-2049) were obtained from the outputs of 16 Global Climate Models (GCMs) of CMIP3 model ensemble with 3 emission scenarios and that from 37 GCMs of CMIP5 model ensemble with 4 Representative concentration pathways. Population growth forecast by Center for Business and Economic Research (CBER) and prevalent conservation practices by Southern Nevada Water Authority (SNWA) were used for the model. The water availability scenario in the future for LVV in the form of Lake Mead elevation was assessed and the water demand was also predicted. This study found that mean lake elevation for the future period (2013-2049) can go as low as 21.8% lesser than that for the historical period (1989-2012). 59 of 97 projections of CMIP5 models against 27 of 48 projections of CMIP3 models indicated that the future mean lake elevation would be lower than the historical mean. Demand forecasts showed Southern Nevada Water Authority conservation goal for 2035 could be met under prevalent conservation practices. This study can be very useful for the water managers and planners to predict the future water budget, plan accordingly, and make decisions to achieve water sustainability. This study has been performed as a part of the Thriving Earth Exchange (TEX) program to assess the current vulnerability of LVV to drought, and the impact on supply and demand of water resources for the future climate scenarios.
This book was stimulated by and sets out to analyse a political battle over water pricing by a municipal system. Originally published in 1984, this title provides improved methods for demand function estimation where block rates are involved, suggests procedures for rational pricing of municipal water, and explains how politics can dominate when real decisions are made. Due to the additional virtue of this title being easy to read, it is ideal for students interested in environmental studies, economics, and policy making, as well as for those involved with municipal services and resource management in general.
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Conflicts among water users still occur in the American West. Environmentalists, who want water to be left in the rivers to preserve threatened species, compete with urban & agricultural users for the West's limited water resources. Native American water rights are also receiving more attention. This study analyzes the policy tools slated for use in California, estimates the costs of those reforms to agriculture in the state, & discusses the implications of using those policy tools in the rest of the West. Policy changes introduced in California could serve as models for changes throughout the West. Charts & tables.