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Con esta investigación se busca evaluar si un proyecto de infraestructura social espeficamente en el sector de educación genera valor para el estado si se realiza como APP. Para esto, como propone la resolución, se identificará el "Valor por dinero", lo que basicamente es la comparación entre los costos para el sector público de realizar el proyecto como lo realiza actualmente y los costos de realizar el proyecto como una asociación público privada. Para esto es importante realizar un adecuado analisis de riesgos del proyecto, y determinar la tasa de descuento de los costos mediante la cual se pueda calcular el Valor Presente Neto (VPN) del proyecto, el cual es el indicador economico más efectivo para la toma de decisiones en proyectos.
"En este documento, la definición de impacto no se limita a criterios económicos, se refiere a los efectos que la intervención planteada tiene sobre la comunidad en general. El impacto como concepto es más amplio que el concepto de eficacia, porque va más allá del estudio del alcance de los efectos previstos y del análisis de los efectos deseados, así como del examen de los mencionados efectos sobre la población beneficiaria. La infraestructura es una plataforma crucial para el crecimiento económico y el bienestar de la población. Amplía el alcance de los mercados al favorecer economías de escala, reduce los tiempos de viaje para las actividades de ciudadanos y empresas, facilita la integración al comercio mundial, mejora la competitividad y ayuda a asegurar el imperio de la ley en el territorio (Benavides, 2018a). La infraestructura se puede diseñar, financiar y operar por el sector público, el sector privado, por las comunidades, o por combinaciones de las anteriores alternativas. Dependiendo del espacio fiscal disponible, los riesgos técnicos, comerciales y financieros, la rentabilidad, y la fortaleza de las instituciones y del imperio de la ley. Durante la estructuración se debe decidir quienes financian, los instrumentos que deben usarse para financiar un proyecto, la asignación de riesgos, los incentivos, así como las cláusulas y contratos especializados para construcción, operación y mantenimiento. También se debe definir una estructura pública de planificación, diseño, evaluación económica, análisis de riesgo e interventoría que maximice el valor social de las inversiones y reduzca el alcance del comportamiento oportunista de los contratistas. (Benavides, 2018b). El problema de investigación consiste en un análisis de la administración pública en búsqueda de eficacia, eficiencia y optimización del gasto público frente al desarrollo de infraestructura social, y la vinculación del privado en la provisión de infraestructura y servicios públicos de manera integral."--Introducción.
Protected Area Governance and Management presents a compendium of original text, case studies and examples from across the world, by drawing on the literature, and on the knowledge and experience of those involved in protected areas. The book synthesises current knowledge and cutting-edge thinking from the diverse branches of practice and learning relevant to protected area governance and management. It is intended as an investment in the skills and competencies of people and consequently, the effective governance and management of protected areas for which they are responsible, now and into the future. The global success of the protected area concept lies in its shared vision to protect natural and cultural heritage for the long term, and organisations such as International Union for the Conservation of Nature are a unifying force in this regard. Nonetheless, protected areas are a socio-political phenomenon and the ways that nations understand, govern and manage them is always open to contest and debate. The book aims to enlighten, educate and above all to challenge readers to think deeply about protected areas—their future and their past, as well as their present. The book has been compiled by 169 authors and deals with all aspects of protected area governance and management. It provides information to support capacity development training of protected area field officers, managers in charge and executive level managers.
It is in the best interest of all concerned that tourism become sustainable and environmentally compatible. This need for "sustainable development" is and more by the responsible parties. Moreover, in the being recognised more search for solution strategies the realisation is gaining ground that tourism must be viewed as a worldwide phenomenon whose development must be co-ordinated in a co-operative effort spanning regions and continents. That the preservation of biological diversity also requires global co operation has been confirmed by over 170 countries which have already acceded to the "Convention on Biological Diversity". It is thus an important task to provide the foundations for joint action. Germany, one of the largest source countries of international tourism, must feel particularly obligated in this regard. The report published here is the result of a research project com missioned by the German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation. The study pursued and examined the thesis that the Convention on Biological Diversity be used as a central instrument for arriving at international principles and regulations for combining nature conservation and tourism which could lead to a sustainable development of tourism. To further the discussion, the authors brought the study to a logical conclusion by working out a proposal for a "tourism protocol" additional to the existing Convention on Biodiversity. Such a protocol additional to the Convention would entail the stipulation of internationally binding implementation and regulations for achieving sustainable tourism.
The North American Mosaic has four overarching features. First, it is, to the extent feasible, based on comparable information on the status and trends of major indicators of the state of the environment in Canada,Mexico, and the United States. Second, the report confirms that these three countries together make up an incredibly complex, dynamic, and interconnected ecosystem in which humans play a dominant and decisive role. Third, the report raises important and sometimes disquieting questions concerning the sustainability of some current trends. Finally, the report is a reminder that our economic, social, and physical well-being are utterly dependent on the life-sustaining services provided by nature. This report emphasizes the importance of developing mutually compatible economic, social, and environmental goals and policies across the three-country region.
This Child-Friendly Schools (CFS) Manual was developed during three-and-a-half years of continuous work, involving the United Nations Children's Fund education staff and specialists from partner agencies working on quality education. It benefits from fieldwork in 155 countries and territories, evaluations carried out by the Regional Offices and desk reviews conducted by headquarters in New York. The manual is a part of a total resource package that includes an e-learning package for capacity-building in the use of CFS models and a collection of field case studies to illustrate the state of the art in child-friendly schools in a variety of settings.
Through his voluminous and in?uential writings, editorial activities, organi- tional leadership, intellectual acumen, and strong sense of history, Clifford - brose Truesdell III (1919–2000) was the main architect for the renaissance of - tional continuum mechanics since the middle of the twentieth century. The present collection of 42 essays and research papers pays tribute to this man of mathematics, science, and natural philosophy as well as to his legacy. The ?rst ?ve essays by B. D. Coleman, E. Giusti, W. Noll, J. Serrin, and D. Speiser were texts of addresses given by their authors at the Meeting in memory of Clifford Truesdell, which was held in Pisa in November 2000. In these essays the reader will ?nd personal reminiscences of Clifford Truesdell the man and of some of his activities as scientist, author, editor, historian of exact sciences, and principal founding member of the Society for Natural Philosophy. The bulk of the collection comprises 37 research papers which bear witness to the Truesdellian legacy. These papers cover a wide range of topics; what ties them together is the rational spirit. Clifford Truesdell, in his address upon receipt of a Birkhoff Prize in 1978, put the essence of modern continuum mechanics succinctly as “conceptual analysis, analysis not in the sense of the technical term but in the root meaning: logical criticism, dissection, and creative scrutiny.