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La investigaciu00f3n analizu00f3 el estado de conservaciu00f3n de cuatro especies forestales vedadas por la Ley No. 585 del 2006 en Nicaragua: caoba (Swietenia macrophylla King y Swietenia humilis), cedro (Cedrela odorata Linnaeus) y pochote (Pachira quinata) en los paisajes de distribuciu00f3n natural de las mismas. En cada paisaje se determinaron los impactos de la ley de veda en la dinu00e1mica de distribuciu00f3n, regeneraciu00f3n y cultivo en bosques naturales, bosques bajo Manejo Forestal Sostenible (MFS) y sistemas agroforestales (SAF). Se analizu00f3 la estructura de las poblaciones de cada especie y su distribuciu00f3n actual y cambios potenciales utilizando software MaxEnt. Se determinu00f3 la distribuciu00f3n y estructura de las poblaciones empleando anu00e1lisis estadu00edstico comparativo con el software INFOST. Los analisis se realizaron a partir de los inventarios forestales nacionales del Instituto Nacional Forestal (INAFOR). Para tal caso, se utilizaron dos periodos de comparaciu00f3n: 2008 y 2015. Adicionalmente, se analizaron las bases de datos disponibles de plantaciones forestales establecidas durante el periodo y los planes de aprovechamiento forestal de fincas forestales a nviel nacional.Los resultados se presentan en 11 hallazgos cientu00edficos que apuntan a la poca efectividad de la veda forestal como instrumento de polu00edtica para recuperar y conservar las poblaciones de las cuatro especies vedadas. Particularmente, se identificu00f3 que en el largo plazo existe el riesgo de pu00e9rdida y degradaciu00f3n de las poblaciones de las especies. Con base en los hallazgos se formularon recomendaciones para revisar y ajustar los lineamientos, estrategias y pru00e1cticas de manejo y conservaciu00f3n contempladas en la Ley de veda forestal.
The North American Mosaic has four overarching features. First, it is, to the extent feasible, based on comparable information on the status and trends of major indicators of the state of the environment in Canada,Mexico, and the United States. Second, the report confirms that these three countries together make up an incredibly complex, dynamic, and interconnected ecosystem in which humans play a dominant and decisive role. Third, the report raises important and sometimes disquieting questions concerning the sustainability of some current trends. Finally, the report is a reminder that our economic, social, and physical well-being are utterly dependent on the life-sustaining services provided by nature. This report emphasizes the importance of developing mutually compatible economic, social, and environmental goals and policies across the three-country region.
This multi-authored volume contains peer-reviewed chapters from leading researchers and professionals in silvopastoral systems topic in Southern South America (Argentina, Chile and South Brazil). It is a compendium of original research articles, case studies, and regional overviews and summarizes the current state of knowledge on different components and aspects (pasture production, animal production, trees production, carbon sequestration, conservation) of silvopatoral systems in native forests and tree plantations. The main hypothesis of the book is that farmers have integrated tree and pasture/grassland species in their land use systems to reach higher production per unit of land area, risk avoidance, product diversification, and sustainability. These production systems also impact positively in main ecosystem processes. Management of these productive systems, Policy and Socioeconomic Aspects provide great opportunities and challenges for farmers and policy makers in our region. The book is unique on this subject in Southern South America and constitutes a valuable reference material for graduate students, professors, scientists and extensionists who work with silvopastoral systems.
Cities of Tomorrow is a critical history of planning in theory and practice in the twentieth century, as well as of the social and economic problems and opportunities that gave rise to it. Trenchant, perceptive, global in coverage, this book is an unrivalled account of its crucial subject. The third edition of Cities of Tomorrow is comprehensively revised to take account of abundant new literature published since its original appearance, and to view the 1990s in historical perspective. This is the definitive edition, reviewing the development of the modern planning movement over the entire span of the twentieth century.