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Recomendations. To the government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and the regional government of Oromia State -- To international election observers -- To donor governments -- To the World Bank and United Nations agencies involved in development in Ethopia. -- Introduction -- Political competition in Oromia. Historical Background -- Ethiopia and Oromia under EPRDF rule: The Oromo Liberation Front -- The struggle for political control in Oromia during the transition -- The May 2005 elections. -- Government use of torture, arbitrary detention, surveillance and harassment to discourage and punish dissent. Arbitrary detention and torture: Arbitrary Detention, prolonged arbitrary detention of high-profile Oromo defendants, torture and other mistreatment. -- Continuing harassment of targeted individuals -- Targeting Oromo students for harassment and abuse -- Pressuring teachers to monitor students for subversive speech -- The chilling effect of government abuse on the freedom of expression. -- Mechanisms used by the Ethiopian government to control rural communities in Oromia. The Kebele system -- The Gott and Garee system: The imposition of Gott and Garee on rural communities, forced labor under the Garee, forced attendance at political meetings, using the Garee to monitor speech, the chilling effect of the Gott and Garee system on speech, restrictions on the freedom of movement. -- The international response and official reactions of the Ethopian government to criticism about its human rights record -- Acknowledgements.
Scores of opposition party members and journalists were arrested and detained in Ethiopia during 2011 because of their legitimate and peaceful criticism of the government. Amnesty International believes that the pretext of counter-terrorism is being used by the government to silence dissent. The arrest and prosecution of government critics is not a new phenomenon in Ethiopia, but the significant increase in arrests represents an intensified crackdown on freedom of expression in 2011. Calls by the defendants for peaceful protest, as well as articles and poems, have been presented as evidence of terrorism and treason, suggesting that freedom of expression is being criminalized in these cases. Detainees awaiting trial were subjected to human rights violations including torture and other ill-treatment, exertion of pressure to sign confessions, and denial of access to lawyers and family members. There are a number of fair trial concerns and Amnesty International is calling for systematic monitoring of the trials by the international community. these events send a chilling message that those who hold different opinions, or attempt to provide independent political commentary, should remain silent or risk arrest. the government has indicated that the crackdown is not over, and arrests continue. The authorities in Ethiopia appear determined to destroy the few remaining traces of free expression in the country. Amnesty International is urging the Ethiopian government to uphold the rights of those who peacefully express dissent and to immediately release anyone detained on this basis.
Increased tensions along the Ethiopian- Eritrean border —in a context of internal political turmoil in Ethiopia, increasing political repression in Eritrea, and recent developments in Somalia —raise concerns of expanding instability in the strategically important Horn of Africa. Avoiding Conflict in the Horn of Africa urges the United States to take the risks and spend the resources necessary to resolve the Ethiopia-Eritrea border conflict and thereby reduce tension in the region. It argues that Washington should pressure Ethiopia to demarcate the border and Eritrea to lift restrictions on the UN peacekeeping mission that monitors the border. Washington must also make clear to both countries the costs of continuing to suppress internal dissent —and highlight the benefits of initiating real internal reform and regional cooperation. In addition, the administration should be prepared to cut bilateral assistance programs and enact sanctions if political conditions deteriorate further. Finally, the United States, international donors, and organizations should support long-term peace-building initiatives.
This book takes stock of political reform in Ethiopia and the transformation of Ethiopian society since the adoption of multi-party politics and ethnic federalism in 1991. Decentralization, attempted democratization via ethno-national representation, and partial economic liberalization have reconfigured Ethiopian society and state in the past two decades. Yet, as the contributors to this volume demonstrate, ‘democracy’ in Ethiopia has not changed the authority structures and the culture of centralist decision-making of the past. The political system is tightly engineered and controlled from top to bottom by the ruling Ethiopian Peoples’ Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF). Navigating between its 1991 announcements to democratise the country and its aversion to power-sharing, the EPRDF has established a de facto one-party state that enjoys considerable international support. This ruling party has embarked upon a technocratic ‘developmental state’ trajectory ostensibly aimed at ‘depoliticizing’ national policy and delegitimizing alternative courses. The contributors analyze the dynamics of authoritarian state-building, political ethnicity, electoral politics and state-society relations that have marked the Ethiopian polity since the downfall of the socialist Derg regime. Chapters on ethnic federalism, 'revolutionary democracy', opposition parties, the press, the judiciary, state-religion, and state-foreign donor relations provide the most comprehensive and thought-provoking review of contemporary Ethiopian national politics to date. This book is based on a special issue of the Journal of Eastern African Studies.
Dissenters are often portrayed as selfish and disloyal, but Sunstein shows that those who reject pressures imposed by others perform valuable social functions, often at their own expense.
How rebellious colonies changed British attitudes to empire Insurgent Empire shows how Britain’s enslaved and colonial subjects were active agents in their own liberation. What is more, they shaped British ideas of freedom and emancipation back in the United Kingdom. Priyamvada Gopal examines a century of dissent on the question of empire and shows how British critics of empire were influenced by rebellions and resistance in the colonies, from the West Indies and East Africa to Egypt and India. In addition, a pivotal role in fomenting resistance was played by anticolonial campaigners based in London, right at the heart of empire. Much has been written on how colonized peoples took up British and European ideas and turned them against empire when making claims to freedom and self-determination. Insurgent Empire sets the record straight in demonstrating that these people were much more than victims of imperialism or, subsequently, the passive beneficiaries of an enlightened British conscience—they were insurgents whose legacies shaped and benefited the nation that once oppressed them.
Drawing on nine case studies, this book offers a comparative ethnography of the contested powers that shape democratization in Ethiopia. Focusing on the competitive 2005 elections, the authors analyze how customary leaders, political parties and state officials confronted each other during election time.
These essays support the argument that strong and effective presidential leadership is the most important prerequisite for South Korea to sustain and project its influence abroad. That leadership should be attentive to the need for public consensus and should operate within established legislative mechanisms that ensure public accountability. The underlying structures sustaining South Korea’s foreign policy formation are generally sound; the bigger challenge is to manage domestic politics in ways that promote public confidence about the direction and accountability of presidential leadership in foreign policy.