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In 1989 the federal government spent $1197 billion, a mind-boggling sum that is almost impossible to visualize. Since there were 248. 8 million people living in the United States in that year, the government spent an average of $4811 for every man, woman, and child in the nation. For a hypothetical family of four, federal spending in 1989 amounted to an average of$19,244. To put this sum in perspective, the money income of an American family averaged $35,270 in the same year. To finance spending $1197 billion, the government collected taxes from American citizens and residents in an amount of $1047 billion. Because of a shortfall between what it spent and what it took in taxes, the government had to borrow $150 billion, partly from individuals, but mostly from banks, insurance companies, and foreigners. How, where, and on whom did the federal government spend all this money? Since federal spending in 1989 totaled 23 cents in comparison to every dollar spent for the buying of goods and services, finding an answer to this question is not a trivial matter. Spending by Washington reaches into every nook and cranny of the economy, touching the lives and fortunes of almost everyone in the nation. Thus, answers to these questions are of more than academic interest.
This report attempts to provide a comprehensive picture of total federal financial support for education since fiscal year 1980 when the U.S. Department of Education became an independent agency. Six detailed tables in the appendix have additional historical data for fiscal years 1965, 1970, and 1975. Assembling data on federal funds for education is difficult because education programs are found in dozens of federal departments and agencies. To the extent possible, outlays, the actual amount of dollars spent, were used. Education funding is categorized as on-budget support, nonfederal funds generated by federal programs, and federal tax expenditures. On-budget funding for federal programs is generally set through annual Congressional appropriations. This report shows current and constant dollar comparisons. Data are presented in 13 tables and 3 figures. Additional technical information appears in the Sources and Methodology section followed by a list of definitions. Federal support for education is estimated to be $75.8 billion in fiscal year (FY) 92, an increase of 93 percent since FY 80. After adjustment for inflation, the increase amounts to 13 percent. Between FY 80 and FY 92, after adjusting for inflation, federal program funds for elementary and secondary education increased 3 percent; postsecondary education funds declined 23 percent; other education funds increased 51 percent; and funds for research at universities and university-administered research and development centers increased 48 percent. (MLF)