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Clay tobacco pipes are a unique form of artifact that has been recovered from the earliest colonial period sites to those of the early twentieth century. Archaeologists have found this artifact category useful for interpretive purposes due to their rapid technological and typological change, decoration, and maker's marks. Lack of adequate reporting in older site reports precludes a wide range of interpretive values intrinsic to this artifact category. A detailed study of tobacco pipe assemblages from the Pacific Northwest and Northern Plains, in an 1800 to 1890s time frame, demonstrates the interpretive value of this category on an intrasite, regional, and interregional basis. The detailed analysis given the pipes and pipe assemblages provides a historical background that encompasses the artifacts, the manufacturers, the sites, the relationships of the sites, and their place in the development of these regions. These tobacco pipes reflect the marketing and trade histories of these regions as well as many of the cultural subgroups.
Focusing on the longest running conflict in American history, this illustrated encyclopedia reveals the common threads that weave through four centuries of clashes, from Columbus's voyage to the Wounded Knee Massacre. 450 entries. 70 illustrations.
For many people outside the state, North Dakota conjures visions of a remote, sparse, and seemingly inhospitable landscape, replete with ghost towns, scattered farmsteads, and settings reminiscent of the movie Fargo. Yet beyond this facile image lies a spectacular array of high-style, vernacular, ethnic, and modern buildings, a pragmatic architecture that reflects the setting and settlers of the Great Plains. A distinct "prairie mosaic" of houses, homesteads, and rural churches draws on the cultures of Germans from Russia, Norwegians, and Icelanders, and varied Native American groups such as the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara. North Dakota's architectural heritage is complemented by more contemporary work dating from Progressive-era boom times and the New Deal to the present. This volume, with more than 400 entries illustrated by 250 photographs and 17 maps, provides the first comprehensive overview of the state, from Pembina and Walhalla to the Badlands. This richly diverse legacy includes earthlodges and Eastern Orthodox churches, powwow grounds and campmeeting grounds, and varied settings from the Ronald Reagan Minuteman Missile State Historic Site to the International Peace Garden. The cast of characters is equally compelling, among them Sakakawea, Lewis and Clark, the Marquis de Mores, Theodore Roosevelt, Lawrence Welk, Peggy Lee, and regional and international architects working in a range of styles and traditions, from Marcel Breuer to Surrounded-by-Enemy. A volume in the Buildings of the United States series of the Society of Architectural Historians