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This book examines the manner in which successful firms develop, transfer, protect, and capture value from technological innovation. In essence, it is about ?knowledge management?, which lies at the foundation of firm level competitive advantage in today's global economy. The essays contain some of the fundamental contributions to the field of knowledge management by one of its best-known thinkers; they also constitute an immensely practical guide for those managers who wish to look below the surface of what is going on in Silicon Valley and elsewhere.
In an era where ties between academia and industry have received considerable attention both in the social sciences literature and at the policy level, research is warranted to explore the relationship between these two institutions. In particular, the mechanisms where universities and corporations cooperate in terms of research needs to be examined given the increasingly important role of universities on innovation. By exploring this relationship, we can also understand the implication for all actors directly or indirectly affected by university research. The objective of this dissertation is to shed light on the important relationship between academia and industry under the lens of innovation and explore the ramifications for all the groups involved. The first chapter tries to assess the role of exclusive licensing in diffusion of academic patented inventions. We employ a unique dataset of invention disclosures, and their associated patenting and licensing activity, by the University of California Office of Technology Transfer The metric for follow-on research employed is the patent citations the academic patent receives. This projects tests two long standing hypotheses/beliefs that are at the core of the discussion regarding the management of academic technologies. Namely, whether exclusive licensing motivates licensees to undertake research on the academic patent and whether exclusive licensing discourages non-licensees to use the knowledge embedded in the academic patent. Results show that exclusive licensing increases licensee citations regardless of the technology field; in addition start-up licensees conduct more follow-on research than established firms licensees implying the involvement of the primary inventor in the start-up. Finally licensees acquire patents mainly in the same narrow technology field as the academic patent they build on. Moreover, we find that exclusive licensing increases non-licensee citations and therefore we conclude that this type of technology transfer functions as a signal to other firms rather as a discouraging factor. This signal may be of the quality of the patent and/or information that a competitor is working on a new research path and therefore other firms should also pursue this research agenda; we provide evidence to support the signaling explanation. We find that the increase of non-licensee citations is more prevalent for computers, communications, electronics and engineering related patents while we also find that non-licensees "invent around" the academic patent or use it in entirely different technology fields. In the second chapter, we try to explore the strategic behavior by the licensee to delay innovation output. A licensee may have an incentive to delay innovation output building on the invention licensed by the university to avoid paying royalty fees to the licensor (i.e. to the academic institution). By employing access to the same dataset as in the first chapter, we explore whether licensee citations increase around expiration of the licensed patent. Moreover, we test recent theoretical findings on when it is more likely for licensees to delay innovation. In particular we examine whether low profitability inventions and broad scope patents are more likely to be associated with delays. The challenge is to approximate patent profitability and scope with patent characteristics. We find that patents of low quality (long prosecution time) and patent of broad scope (large number of International Patent Classifications) to be associated with significantly greater delays of licensee citations. In the last chapter, we descriptively examine whether the type of research sponsor is associated with the rate of invention disclosure, the patenting rate, the likelihood and type of license. In a period where corporations sign multi-million research deals with universities, scholars have raised concerns with regards to the effect of business funding on the research focus and the overall mission of universities. Having access to this unique dataset, we offer the first empirical insight on the relationship between the type of the research sponsor and important outcomes of academic technology management such as patenting and licensing. We find that any differences associated with corporate funded and government funded inventions to be attributed to the cases where the research sponsor becomes the licensee in the case of business funded projects.
This authoritative and enlightening book focuses on fundamental questions such as what is innovation, who is it relevant for, what are the effects, and what is the role of (innovation) policy in supporting innovation-diffusion? The first two sections present a comprehensive overview of our current knowledge on the phenomenon and analyse how this knowledge (and the scholarly community underpinning it) has evolved towards its present state. The third part explores the role of innovation for growth and development, while section four is concerned with the national innovation system and the role of (innovation) policy in influencing its dynamics and responding to the important challenges facing contemporary societies.
This book covers European perspectives on innovation management, including new product and service development, due to the inherent variety of socio-economic perspectives and institutional settings in Europe. The numerous settings and differing perspectives explored in the chapters exemplify diversity, which ultimately leads to enhancing innovation. Understanding such unique approaches will enable companies, universities and other actors to more effectively create innovative products and services, and policy makers to effectively stimulate growth and innovation. The fragmented, distributed economies in Europe also put a strong focus on internationalisation, including innovation management, new product and service development, even within the internally open market of the European Economic Area. European Perspectives on Innovation Management will be of help to researchers, managers, entrepreneurs, practitioners and students working on innovation management and practices embedded in national and regional innovation systems, thus fostering a more innovative Europe.
Scholars from communication and media studies join those from science and technology studies to examine media technologies as complex, sociomaterial phenomena. In recent years, scholarship around media technologies has finally shed the assumption that these technologies are separate from and powerfully determining of social life, looking at them instead as produced by and embedded in distinct social, cultural, and political practices. Communication and media scholars have increasingly taken theoretical perspectives originating in science and technology studies (STS), while some STS scholars interested in information technologies have linked their research to media studies inquiries into the symbolic dimensions of these tools. In this volume, scholars from both fields come together to advance this view of media technologies as complex sociomaterial phenomena. The contributors first address the relationship between materiality and mediation, considering such topics as the lived realities of network infrastructure. The contributors then highlight media technologies as always in motion, held together through the minute, unobserved work of many, including efforts to keep these technologies alive. Contributors Pablo J. Boczkowski, Geoffrey C. Bowker, Finn Brunton, Gabriella Coleman, Gregory J. Downey, Kirsten A. Foot, Tarleton Gillespie, Steven J. Jackson, Christopher M. Kelty, Leah A. Lievrouw, Sonia Livingstone, Ignacio Siles, Jonathan Sterne, Lucy Suchman, Fred Turner
While the US has traditionally been successful in commercialising new technologies, Europe is confronted with an increasing dependency for fast developing technologies like biotechnology or ICT, despite having some of the best universities in the world. This book will explore the key attributes of commercialising academic knowledge, focusing on spin-offs. Bringing together the visions and best practices used by leading academics and professionals across Europe, the editors provide new and practical insights on the topic in an attempt to resolve the European paradox.
Creating, adapting to, and exploiting change is inherently entrepreneurial. To survive and prosper under conditions of change, firms must develop the “dynamic capabilities” to create, extend, and modify the ways in which they operate. The capacity of an organization to create, extend, or modify its resource base is vital. Since the concept of dynamic capabilities was first introduced, much research has elaborated the initial idea. This important book by Constance Helfat and her team of leading scholars provides a timely focus on in-depth examples of corporate dynamic capabilities. Examining these in the different contexts of alliances, acquisitions, and management, the book gives students and researchers a succinct, up-to-date definition of dynamic capabilities and the strategic management theories around them.
Developed for courses at both undergraduate and postgraduate level Innovation and Entrepreneurship is an accessible introductory text written primarily for students of business and management studies. The book is also suitable for engineering students studying courses in business and management. Contemporary issues in both innovation and entrepreneurship are used to engage and excite students, and lead them to the relevant theory, models and lessons. The authors have created a new text which includes: Fully integrated contemporary themes in innovation, such as sustainability, social entrepreneurship and creating new ventures. A focus on the role of individual entrepreneurship and organizational innovation, in private and public services. Contemporary cases from areas including new media, computer gaming, internet services, and public and social innovation cases.