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Volume two begins with Goethe's theories of affinities, i.e. the chemical reaction view of human life in 1809. This is followed by the history of how the thermodynamic (1876) and quantum (1905) revolutions modernized chemistry such that affinity (the 'force' of reaction) is now viewed as a function of thermodynamic 'free energy' (reaction spontaneity) and quantum 'valency' (bond stabilities). The composition, energetic state, dynamics, and evolution of the human chemical bond A?B is the centerpiece of this process. The human bond is what gives (yields) and takes (absorbs) energy in life. The coupling of this bond energy, driven by periodic inputs of solar photons, thus triggering activation energies and entropies, connected to the dynamical work of life, is what quantifies the human reaction process. This is followed by topics including mental crystallization, template theory, LGBT chemistry, chemical potential, Le Chatelier's principle, Muller dispersion forces, and human thermodynamics.
A collection of important writings in the history of chemistry from 1400-1900, each with an introduction by the editors.
In Scholars in Action, an international group of 40 authors open up new perspectives on the eighteenth-century culture of knowledge, with a particular focus on scholars and their various practices.
This selection of letters sent by Peter Collinson between 1725 and 1768 includes letters sent to Albrecht von Haller, Alexander Colden, Arthur Dobbs, Benjamin Cook, Benjamin Franklin, Benjamin Gale, Benjamin Smithurst, Cadwallader Colden, Carl Linnaeus, Carlo Allioni, Caspar Wettstein, Charles Lennox (3rd Duke of Richmond), Charles Lyttelton (Bishop of Carlisle), Charles Wager, Christopher Jacob Trew, Edward Cave, Edward Wright, Emmanuel Mendes Da Costa, George Parker (2nd Earl Macclesfield), Gregory Demidoff, Henrietta Maria Goldsborough, Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau, Henry Baker, Henry Clinton (9th Earl of Lincoln), Henry Fox (1st Baron Holland), Henry Hollyday, Jacob Theodore Klein, James Alexander, Jared Eliot, John Ambrose Beurer, John Bartram, John Blackburne, John Canton, John Custis, John Ellis, John Frederick Gronovius, John Hawkesworth, John Jacob Dillenius, John Kearsley, John Penn, John Player, John Russell (4th Duke of Bedford), John Stuart (3rd Earl of Bute), Joseph Breintnall, Joseph Hobson, Martin Folkes, Mary Collinson, Mary Lennox (Duchess of Richmond), Michael and Mary Russell, Mr. Leigh at Totridge, Peter Simon Pallas, Peter Templeman, Peter Thompson, Philip Southcote, Pieter Camper, Richard Richardson, Richard Walker, Samuel Brewer, Samuel Eveleigh, Hans Sloane, Thomas Birch, Thomas Clayton, Thomas Hay (8th Earl of Kinnoull), Thomas Pelham-Holles (1st Duke of Newcastle), Thomas Story, William Byrd II, William Pitt, William Villiers (3rd Earl of Jersey), and William Watson.
Published in 1938: The new volume presents a full and profusely illustrated account of progress made during the eighteenth century in Mathematics, Mechanics, Astronomy, Physics, Meteorology, Geography, Chemistry, Biology, Medicine, Psychology, Demography, Economics, Philosophy, and Technology.
David and Mary Norton present the definitive scholarly edition of one of the greatest philosophical works ever written. This second volume begins with their 'Historical Account' of the Treatise, an account that runs from the beginnings of the work to the period immediately following Hume's death in 1776, followed by an account of the Nortons' editorial procedures and policies and a record of the differences between the first-edition text of the Treatise and the critical text that follows. The volume continues with an extensive set of 'Editors' Annotations', intended to illuminate (though not intepret) Hume's texts; a four-part bibliography of materials cited in both volumes; and a comprehensive index.