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Le principal objectif de cet essai de grammaire contrastive anglais/français est de fournir des clefs donnant accès à l’organisation du sens et à l’utilisation de deux systèmes linguistiques ( l’anglais et le français) dont les liens de parenté sont étroits, mais qui s’opposent sur un certain nombre d’aspects qui tiennent autant à leurs origines qu’à leur évolution. L’étude tend à montrer que certaines structures en anglais sont symétriquement opposées à celles du français.
Ce glossaire présente et illustre une sélection de concepts linguistiques permettant d'analyser des différences systématiques observées entre l'anglais et le français. Il reprend la problématique développée dans Approche linguistique des problèmes de traduction anglais-français (1987, 1989), avec des renvois aux chapitres concernés. Il constitue une mise à jour bibliographique en intégrant de nombreuses références à des travaux publiés depuis la parution du livre. La perspective est ici aussi la confrontation de deux systèmes linguistiques aux niveaux de la grammaire, de l'agencement syntaxique et du lexique, expliquant le recours nécessaire aux " procédés de traduction ". Il ne s'agit pas d'un recueil de règles ou de recettes de traduction, même si la régularité des contrastes identifiés donne une certaine prévisibilité aux types de traductions possibles. Les définitions proposées empruntent, dans le domaine grammatical, à la théorie des opérations énonciatives d'A. Culioli et plus particulièrement, du point de vue contrastif, aux travaux de J. Guillemin-Flescher, ainsi qu'à bon nombre de linguistes associé(e)sà cette élaboration, dans le domaine lexicologique, aux ouvrages de J. Tournier et à d'autres auteur(e)s, anglophones et francophones, qui ont renouvelé la morphologie et la sémantique lexicales. Enfin, une place est faite aux ressources et résultats de la linguistique de corpus, qui intéressent directement l'exploration contrastive.
This book deals with atypical predicate-argument relations. Although the relations between predicates, especially verbal, and their arguments have been long studied, most studies are concerned with typical telic verbs in the past tense, indicative mood, active voice, with all arguments expressed. Recently, linguists have become interested in other types of predicate-argument relations displaying atypical properties, be they morphological or syntactic, in one language or cross-linguistically. The articles in this book investigate some of these: argument marking with some special groups of verbs, arguments not foreseen in the verb valency and contributed by the construction, verbs in idiomatic constructions, valency-changing operations, arguments in thetic sentences or in participle constructions etc. The authors work within different theoretical frameworks and on various languages, from more current languages like English, Spanish, French or German, to Hebrew or lamaholot, an Austronesian language.
This study is based on the writings and teaching of Gustave Guillaume (1883-1960), one of the earliest proponents of what is today called Cognitive Linguistics. It offers (1) a much needed presentation in English of Guillaume's view of the French system, (2) the clarifications added by his successors, and (3) much empirical detail added by the author from his own extensive experience with the material.The word "system" in this work, as explained in the very first chapter, is intended in the Saussurian sense of a closed set of contrasts. The method is first briefly applied to English, in order to familiarize the reader with the methodological concepts and terminology, and comparisons are made with the general outline of the French system.The major sub-systems of the French verb are analysed in the four central chapters (4-7) entitled Aspect, Voice, Tense, Mood, followed by a chapter on systemic comparison, and two final chapters of detailed analysis of the verbal morphology and its relevance to the cognitive system.
After an introductory chapter that provides an overview to theoretical issues in tense, aspect, modality and evidentiality, this volume presents a variety of original contributions that are firmly empirically-grounded based on elicited or corpus data, while adopting different theoretical frameworks. Thus, some chapters rely on large diachronic corpora and provide new qualitative insight on the evolution of TAM systems through quantitative methods, while others carry out a collostructional analysis of past-tensed verbs using inferential statistics to explore the lexical grammar of verbs. A common goal is to uncover semantic regularities and variation in the TAM systems of the languages under study by taking a close look at context. Such a fine-grained approach contributes to our understanding of the TAM systems from a typological perspective. The focus on well-known Indo-European languages (e.g. French, German, English, Spanish) and also on less commonly studied languages (e.g. Hungarian, Estonian, Avar, Andi, Tagalog) provides a valuable cross-linguistic perspective.
We have recently seen a broadening of pragmatics to new areas and to the study of more than one language. This is illustrated by the present volume on Contrastive Pragmatics which brings together a number of articles originally presented at the 10th International Pragmatics Conference in Göteborg in 2007. The contributions deal with pragmatic phenomena such as speech acts, discourse markers and modality in different language pairs using theoretical approaches such as politeness theory, Conversation Analysis, Appraisal Theory, grammaticalization and cultural textology. Also discourse practices and genres may differ across cultures as illustrated by the study of TV news shows in different countries. Contrastive pragmatics also includes the comparative study of pragmatic phenomena from a foreign language perspective, a new area with implications for language teaching and intercultural communication. The contributions to this volume were originally published in Languages in Contrast 9:1 (2009).