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Data assimilation is the combination of information from observations and models of a particular physical system in order to get the best possible estimate of the state of that system. The technique has wide applications across a range of earth sciences, a major application being the production of operational weather forecasts. Others include oceanography, atmospheric chemistry, climate studies, and hydrology. Data Assimilation for the Earth System is a comprehensive survey of both the theory of data assimilation and its application in a range of earth system sciences. Data assimilation is a key technique in the analysis of remote sensing observations and is thus particularly useful for those analysing the wealth of measurements from recent research satellites. This book is suitable for postgraduate students and those working on the application of data assimilation in meteorology, oceanography and other earth sciences.
This book provides an overview of the GLOWA-Danube research project from 2001 to 2011, a transdisciplinary initiative which explores the future of water resources in the Upper Danube Basin. It documents the purpose and unique approach, architecture, methodologies, scenarios and results of the project, creating a scientific knowledge base for the dialogue of stakeholders and scientists. The book offers a possible blueprint for successful global change science through integrative and transdisciplinary co-creation of knowledge and orientation for regional adaptation within the context of the Future Earth research program.
At the end of the year 2008, we have seen a strategic step towards a funct- ning HPC infrastructure on Tier-0 level in Germany. Based on an agreement (Verwaltungsabkommen") between the Federal Ministry of Education and " Research (BMBF) and the state ministries for research of Baden-Wurttem- · berg, Bayern, and Nordrhein-Westfalen, a budget of overall 400 Million Euro had been allocated - equally shared between federal and state authorities in a?ve year time frame - to establish the next generation of HPC systems at the Gauss Centre for Supercomputing (GCS) - consisting of the three nat- nal supercomputing centres HLRS (Stuttgart), NIC/JSC (Julich), and LRZ · (Munich). As part of that strategic initiative, in May 2009 already NIC/JSC has installed the?rst phase of the GCS HPC Tier-0 resources, an IBM Blue Gene/P with roughly 300. 000 Cores, this time in Julic · h, With that, the GCS provides the most powerfulhigh-performance computing infrastructure in - rope already today. HLRS and its partners in the GCS have agreed on a common strategy for the installation of the next generation of leading edge HPC systems. Over the next few years, HLRS and LRZ as the other two GCS centers will upgrade their systems accordingly. The plan is to have a Tier-0 HPC system within GCS operating at any time in this?ve year period. Asanintermediatestep, HLRShasreplacedmostoftheirNECSX-8nodes by the NEC SX-9/12M192, a system with roughly 20 TFLOPs peak
This volume contains 117 reviewed papers from over 30 countries, published in English, French and Spanish, which reflect both international dimension of FRIEND and the key challenges facing hydrologists in the 21st century.
Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 177. This monograph is the first to survey progress in realistic simulation in a strongly eddying regime made possible by recent increases in computational capability. Its contributors comprise the leading researchers in this important and constantly evolving field. Divided into three parts Oceanographic Processes and Regimes: Fundamental Questions Ocean Dynamics and State: From Regional to Global Scale, and Modeling at the Mesoscale: State of the Art and Future Directions The volume details important advances in physical oceanography based on eddy resolving ocean modeling. It captures the state of the art and discusses issues that ocean modelers must consider in order to effectively contribute to advancing current knowledge, from subtleties of the underlying fluid dynamical equations to meaningful comparison with oceanographic observations and leading-edge model development. It summarizes many of the important results which have emerged from ocean modeling in an eddying regime, for those interested broadly in the physical science. More technical topics are intended to address the concerns of those actively working in the field.
Surface, intermediate, and deep-water processes and their interaction in time and space drive the major ocean circulation of the Mediterranean Sea. All major forcing mechanisms, such as surface wind forcing, buoyancy fluxes, lateral mass exchange, and deep convection determining the global oceanic circulation are present in this body of water. Deep and intermediate water masses are formed in different areas of the ocean layers and they drive the Mediterranean thermohaline cell, which further shows important analogies with the global ocean conveyor belt. The Mediterranean Sea: Temporal Variability and Spatial Patterns is a comprehensive volume that investigates the temporal and spatial variability patterns in the ocean basin. Volume highlights include: Discussions of state-of-the-art physical and biogeochemical properties of the Mediterranean Sea Multiple physical ocean circulation processes, both in time and spatial scales (basin, sub-basin, and mesoscale) How different regional phenomena in the sea influence the biogeochemistry of the basin and the ocean dynamics Spatio-temporal variability of the surface circulation in the western Mediterranean Deep-water variability and inter-basin interactions in the eastern Mediterranean Sea Understanding the link between global ocean circulation patterns and the global climate The Mediterranean Sea will be a valuable resource for geoscientists, oceanographers, and meteorologists.
The Earth is the only planet in our solar system that supports life. The complex process of evolution occurred on Earth only because of some unique environmental conditions that were present: water, an oxygen-rich atmosphere, and a suitable surface temperature. Climate change refers to a statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or in its variability, persisting for an extended period (typically decades or longer). Thus, it requires field of attention towards reduction in the rise in atmospheric temperature, by controlling emitted greenhouse gases into the atmosphere in order to preserve natural resources and by introducing new technologies on alternative fuels. This book presents the fundamental effect on the origin of climate change, impacts over ice cap, melting of Arctic ice, rise in sea level and related technologies that can be implemented to cultivate our land for agriculture, growing forestation to reduce the impact of temperature rise and disaster on human being as well as on other livelihood. This also need to strive for novel policies that world leader should adopt.
This work comprises the proceedings of a conference held last year in Rhodes, Greece, to assess developments during the last 20 years in the field of nonlinear dynamics in geosciences. The volume has its own authority as part of the Aegean Conferences cycle, but it also brings together the most up-to-date research from the atmospheric sciences, hydrology, geology, and other areas of geosciences, and discusses the advances made and the future directions of nonlinear dynamics.
Frequent drought events have recently occurred in different Mediterranean regions. These have highlighted a general inadequacy of the current strategies applied to mitigate negative impacts of such phenomenon. This book provides various methods of drought monitoring at different spatial scales, as well as innovative drought forecasting techniques based on stochastic approaches. Besides common drought indices (i.e. SPI), new agrometeorological indices are proposed.