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For a long time - at least from Fermat to Minkowski - the theory of quadratic forms was a part of number theory. Much of the best work of the great number theorists of the eighteenth and nineteenth century was concerned with problems about quadratic forms. On the basis of their work, Minkowski, Siegel, Hasse, Eichler and many others crea ted the impressive "arithmetic" theory of quadratic forms, which has been the object of the well-known books by Bachmann (1898/1923), Eichler (1952), and O'Meara (1963). Parallel to this development the ideas of abstract algebra and abstract linear algebra introduced by Dedekind, Frobenius, E. Noether and Artin led to today's structural mathematics with its emphasis on classification problems and general structure theorems. On the basis of both - the number theory of quadratic forms and the ideas of modern algebra - Witt opened, in 1937, a new chapter in the theory of quadratic forms. His most fruitful idea was to consider not single "individual" quadratic forms but rather the entity of all forms over a fixed ground field and to construct from this an algebra ic object. This object - the Witt ring - then became the principal object of the entire theory. Thirty years later Pfister demonstrated the significance of this approach by his celebrated structure theorems.
From its birth (in Babylon?) till 1936 the theory of quadratic forms dealt almost exclusively with forms over the real field, the complex field or the ring of integers. Only as late as 1937 were the foundations of a theory over an arbitrary field laid. This was in a famous paper by Ernst Witt. Still too early, apparently, because it took another 25 years for the ideas of Witt to be pursued, notably by Albrecht Pfister, and expanded into a full branch of algebra. Around 1960 the development of algebraic topology and algebraic K-theory led to the study of quadratic forms over commutative rings and hermitian forms over rings with involutions. Not surprisingly, in this more general setting, algebraic K-theory plays the role that linear algebra plays in the case of fields. This book exposes the theory of quadratic and hermitian forms over rings in a very general setting. It avoids, as far as possible, any restriction on the characteristic and takes full advantage of the functorial aspects of the theory. The advantage of doing so is not only aesthetical: on the one hand, some classical proofs gain in simplicity and transparency, the most notable examples being the results on low-dimensional spinor groups; on the other hand new results are obtained, which went unnoticed even for fields, as in the case of involutions on 16-dimensional central simple algebras. The first chapter gives an introduction to the basic definitions and properties of hermitian forms which are used throughout the book.
Contains the proceedings of the 1983 Seminar on Quadratic and Hermitian Forms held at McMaster University, July 1983. Between 1945 and 1965, most of the work in quadratic (and hermitian) forms took place in arithmetic theory (M Eichler, M Kneser, O T O'Meara).
With the inclusion of applications of singular value decomposition (SVD) and principal component analysis (PCA) to image compression and data analysis, this edition provides a strong foundation of linear algebra needed for a higher study in signal processing. The use of MATLAB in the study of linear algebra for a variety of computational purposes and the programmes provided in this text are the most attractive features of this book which strikingly distinguishes it from the existing linear algebra books needed as pre-requisites for the study of engineering subjects. This book is highly suitable for undergraduate as well as postgraduate students of mathematics, statistics, and all engineering disciplines. The book will also be useful to Ph.D. students for relevant mathematical resources. NEW TO THIS EDITION The Third Edition of this book includes: • Simultaneous diagonalization of two diagonalizable matrices • Comprehensive exposition of SVD with applications in shear analysis in engineering • Polar Decomposition of a matrix • Numerical experimentation with a colour and a black-and-white image compression using MATLAB • PCA methods of data analysis and image compression with a list of MATLAB codes
This volume outlines the proceedings of the conference on "Quadratic Forms and Their Applications" held at University College Dublin. It includes survey articles and research papers ranging from applications in topology and geometry to the algebraic theory of quadratic forms and its history. Various aspects of the use of quadratic forms in algebra, analysis, topology, geometry, and number theory are addressed. Special features include the first published proof of the Conway-Schneeberger Fifteen Theorem on integer-valued quadratic forms and the first English-language biography of Ernst Witt, founder of the theory of quadratic forms.
Algebra, as we know it today, consists of many different ideas, concepts and results. A reasonable estimate of the number of these different items would be somewhere between 50,000 and 200,000. Many of these have been named and many more could (and perhaps should) have a name or a convenient designation. Even the nonspecialist is likely to encounter most of these, either somewhere in the literature, disguised as a definition or a theorem or to hear about them and feel the need for more information. If this happens, one should be able to find enough information in this Handbook to judge if it is worthwhile to pursue the quest. In addition to the primary information given in the Handbook, there are references to relevant articles, books or lecture notes to help the reader. An excellent index has been included which is extensive and not limited to definitions, theorems etc. The Handbook of Algebra will publish articles as they are received and thus the reader will find in this third volume articles from twelve different sections. The advantages of this scheme are two-fold: accepted articles will be published quickly and the outline of the Handbook can be allowed to evolve as the various volumes are published. A particularly important function of the Handbook is to provide professional mathematicians working in an area other than their own with sufficient information on the topic in question if and when it is needed.- Thorough and practical source of information - Provides in-depth coverage of new topics in algebra - Includes references to relevant articles, books and lecture notes
Rigorous, self-contained coverage of determinants, vectors, matrices and linear equations, quadratic forms, more. Elementary, easily readable account with numerous examples and problems at the end of each chapter.
Examines the internal structure of the finite simple groups of Lie type, the finite alternating groups, and 26 sporadic finite simple groups, as well as their analogues. Emphasis is on the structure of local subgroups and their relationships with one another, rather than development of an abstract theory of simple groups. A foundation is laid for the development of specific properties of K-groups to be used in the inductive proof of the classification theorem. Highlights include statements and proofs of the Breol-Tits and Curtis-Tits theorems, and material on centralizers of semisimple involutions in groups of Lie type. For graduate students and research mathematicians. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
The book discusses a series of higher-dimensional moduli spaces, of abelian varieties, cubic and K3 surfaces, which have embeddings in projective spaces as very special algebraic varieties. Many of these were known classically, but in the last chapter a new such variety, a quintic fourfold, is introduced and studied. The text will be of interest to all involved in the study of moduli spaces with symmetries, and contains in addition a wealth of material which has been only accessible in very old sources, including a detailed presentation of the solution of the equation of 27th degree for the lines on a cubic surface.
This ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF MATHEMATICS aims to be a reference work for all parts of mathe matics. It is a translation with updates and editorial comments of the Soviet Mathematical Encyclopaedia published by 'Soviet Encyclopaedia Publishing House' in five volumes in 1977-1985. The annotated translation consists of ten volumes including a special index volume. There are three kinds of articles in this ENCYCLOPAEDIA. First of all there are survey-type articles dealing with the various main directions in mathematics (where a rather fme subdivi sion has been used). The main requirement for these articles has been that they should give a reasonably complete up-to-date account of the current state of affairs in these areas and that they should be maximally accessible. On the whole, these articles should be understandable to mathematics students in their first specialization years, to graduates from other mathematical areas and, depending on the specific subject, to specialists in other domains of science, en gineers and teachers of mathematics. These articles treat their material at a fairly general level and aim to give an idea of the kind of problems, techniques and concepts involved in the area in question. They also contain background and motivation rather than precise statements of precise theorems with detailed definitions and technical details on how to carry out proofs and constructions. The second kind of article, of medium length, contains more detailed concrete problems, results and techniques.