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As climate change and extreme weather events increasingly threaten traditional landscapes and livelihoods of entire communities the need to study its impact on human migration and population displacement has never been greater. The Atlas of Environmental Migration is the first illustrated publication mapping this complex phenomenon. It clarifies terminology and concepts, draws a typology of migration related to environment and climate change, describes the multiple factors at play, explains the challenges, and highlights the opportunities related to this phenomenon. Through elaborate maps, diagrams, illustrations, case studies from all over the world based on the most updated international research findings, the Atlas guides the reader from the roots of environmental migration through to governance. In addition to the primary audience of students and scholars of environment studies, climate change, geography and migration it will also be of interest to researchers and students in politics, economics and international relations departments.
Climate change poses many challenges that affect society and the natural world. With these challenges, however, come opportunities to respond. By taking steps to adapt to and mitigate climate change, the risks to society and the impacts of continued climate change can be lessened. The National Climate Assessment, coordinated by the U.S. Global Change Research Program, is a mandated report intended to inform response decisions. Required to be developed every four years, these reports provide the most comprehensive and up-to-date evaluation of climate change impacts available for the United States, making them a unique and important climate change document. The draft Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4) report reviewed here addresses a wide range of topics of high importance to the United States and society more broadly, extending from human health and community well-being, to the built environment, to businesses and economies, to ecosystems and natural resources. This report evaluates the draft NCA4 to determine if it meets the requirements of the federal mandate, whether it provides accurate information grounded in the scientific literature, and whether it effectively communicates climate science, impacts, and responses for general audiences including the public, decision makers, and other stakeholders.
Over the past decade, international organizations (IOs) and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have increasingly focused their efforts on the plight of environmental migrants in both industrialized and developing countries. However, to date very few studies have analysed the influence and rhetoric of advocacy groups in the debates on environmental migration. Organizational Perspectives on Environmental Migration fills this lacuna by drawing together and examining the related themes of climate change and environmental degradation, migration and organizational studies to provide a fresh perspective on their increasing relevance. In order to assess the role of IOs and NGOs in the environmental migration discourse and to understand their interaction and their ways of addressing the topic, the book contains a wide-range of contributions covering the perspectives of organizational sociologists, political scientists, anthropologists, geographers, lawyers and practitioners. The chapters are organized thematically around the perspectives of key actors in the area of environmental migration, including IOs, courts and advocacy groups. The geographically diverse and interdisciplinary range of contributions makes this volume an essential foundational text for organizational responses to environmental migration. This volume will be of great interest to students and scholars of migration studies, international relations, organizational sociology, refugee law and policy, and development studies.
The last twenty years have seen a rapid increase in scholarly activity and publications dedicated to environmental migration and displacement, and the field has now reached a point in terms of profile, complexity, and sheer volume of reporting that a general review and assessment of existing knowledge and future research priorities is warranted. So far, such a product does not exist. The Routledge Handbook of Environmental Displacement and Migration provides a state-of-the-science review of research on how environmental variability and change influence current and future global migration patterns and, in some instances, trigger large-scale population displacements. Drawing together contributions from leading researchers in the field, this compendium will become a go-to guide for established and newly interested scholars, for government and policymaking entities, and for students and their instructors. It explains theoretical, conceptual, and empirical developments that have been made in recent years; describes their origins and connections to broader topics including migration research, development studies, and international public policy and law; and highlights emerging areas where new and/or additional research and reflection are warranted. The structure and the nature of the book allow the reader to quickly find a concise review relevant to conducting research or developing policy on particular topics, and to obtain a broad, reliable survey of what is presently known about the subject.
Environmental change and its impacts on population migration have become a growing concern in the era of global climate change. Previous environmental migration literature focused primarily on how rapid-onset environmental disasters influence migration in the developing world. The impacts of slow-onset environmental change and variability, such as changes in precipitation and temperature in developed settings, have not been fully documented. In this dissertation, I linked migration data with environmental factors from 1970 to 2020 in the contiguous United States and employed multivariate, spatial, and multilevel methods to explore the environmental dimensions of migration and their heterogeneous effects in affecting migration patterns across rural-urban areas and by different age groups. This dissertation consists of three empirical studies. In the first empirical study, using data from migration estimates (including net migration, in-migration, and out-migration), climate datasets, and decennial censuses, I explored how environmental change and variability affects county-level migration in the U.S. from 1970 to 2010, using county and decade fixed-effects models. I also conducted analyses to investigate the heterogeneous environmental impacts on migration across the rural-urban dichotomy and by age groups. I found that environmental factors, particularly climatic anomalies and their interactions with long-term climatic conditions, affected migration while controlling for other conventional sociodemographic factors known to affect migration. Also, I found that slow-onset environmental change and variability had a greater impact on rural areas, resulting in more rapid out-migration compared to urban areas. In addition, age matters in the environmental migration processes, with the older generation (65+ years old) being more responsive to environmental change and variability than the younger generation (15-64 years old) whose migrations were primarily fueled by work opportunities and economic well-being. In the second empirical study, I explored the spatial dimensions of environmental migration in the U.S. Previous studies on environmental impacts on migration in the U.S. have either focused on natural amenities attracting in-migrants or analyzed data at regional or crude geographic levels. Moreover, previous studies lacked analyses of how environmental factors affect the migratory responses of different age groups. Through geo-referencing county-level net migration data from 1970 to 2010 and linking them to sociodemographic characteristics at the county level, I conducted exploratory spatial data analysis to demonstrate the spatial dimensions of migration. The results showed that migrations were spatially clustered in eastern and western coastal regions and counties in the south-eastern areas of the U.S. Migration measures, along with county-level environmental and sociodemographic characteristics, are all spatially autocorrelated, making it necessary to account for such spatial effects when modeling the environment-migration relationship. Accordingly, I applied spatial lag and spatial error models to re-evaluate environmental impacts on migration. The results from the spatial models resonated with the results that used aspatial models, providing sound evidence of environmental impacts on internal migration in the U.S. As mentioned previously, many environmental migration studies, especially those in the U.S., have focused on rapid-onset environmental disasters while paying less attention to the impacts of slow-onset environmental change and variability. In the meantime, from a methodological perspective, there existed limited empirical studies using multilevel methods in the environmental migration literature. Arguably, migration is a social process that occurs in multiple contexts including micro-, meso-, and macro-level social structures--therefore requiring a multilevel approach to account for the hierarchy in the data and to explore level-specific effects in migration decision-making. To fill this knowledge gap, I combined microdata with aggregated data to explore individuals' migratory responses to environmental change and variability while controlling for geographic level-specific effects. Specifically, I linked individuals' migration status to their environmental exposure (i.e., precipitation, temperature, natural amenities, and air quality) and county-level sociodemographic characteristics in the previous year and employed two-level logistic regressions to investigate migratory responses of those individuals to environmental change and variability while controlling for sociodemographic characteristics known to affect migration. I found that socially advantaged populations, such as younger, wealthier, non-Hispanic white, and highly educated individuals, were more likely to migrate under environmental pressures, while disadvantaged groups, such as minorities, were less mobile when facing environmental change and variability. Environmental effects also occurred through interacting with county-level sociodemographic factors; in particular, people (especially the younger generation) tended to move to places with environmental amenities and affordable living costs. The multilevel analyses, again, confirmed the overall environmental effects on migration processes and their heterogeneous impacts across the younger and older generations. The findings and discussion presented in this dissertation attest to the environmental effects of migration in the United States and explore the heterogeneity of environmental impacts across places and age groups. The findings could provide insights into planning for environment-induced migration in the near future. Addressing environmental migration issues and mediating their adverse impacts on affected populations require a multifaceted approach that encompasses several factors, including the provision of basic infrastructure such as irrigation systems to maintain sustainable livelihoods, economic development to increase financial capabilities and offset environmental impacts, and effective disaster management to mitigate the effects of natural disasters. Likewise, environmental factors impose varying impacts on migration across places and by demographic groups; policies aiming to tackle environmental migration or relocation should be place- and demographic-specific to address these varying challenges from environmental change.
This book presents contributions from leading international scholars on how environmental migration is both a cause and an outcome of social and economic inequality. It describes recent theoretical, methodological, empirical, and legal developments in the dynamic field of environmental migration research, and includes original research on environmental migration in Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, China, Ghana, Haiti, Mexico, and Turkey. The authors consider the implications of sea level rise for small island states and discuss translocality, gender relations, social remittances, and other concepts important for understanding how vulnerability to environmental change leads to mobility, migration, and the creation of immobile, trapped populations. Reflecting leading-edge developments, this book appeals to advanced undergraduate and graduate students, researchers, and policymakers.
In the age of climate change, the possibility that dramatic environmental transformations might cause the dislocation of millions of people has become not only a matter for scientific speculation or science-fiction narratives, but the object of strategic planning and military analysis. Environmental History of Modern Migrations offers a worldwide perspective on the history of migrations throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and provides an opportunity to reflect on the global ecological transformations and developments which have occurred throughout the last few centuries. With a primary focus on the environment/migration nexus, this book advocates that global environmental changes are not distinct from global social transformations. Instead, it offers a progressive method of combining environmental and social history, which manages to both encompass and transcend current approaches to environmental justice issues. This edited collection will be of great interest to students and practitioners of environmental history and migration studies, as well as those with an interest in history and sociology.
The first comprehensive review of the interaction between climate change and migration; for advanced students, researchers and policy makers.
Climate Change already having serious impacts on the lives of millions of people across the world. These impacts are not only ecological, but also social, economic and legal. Among the most significant of such impacts is climate change-induced migration. The implications of this on human rights raise pressing questions, which require serious scholarly reflection. Drawing together experts in this field, Climate Change, Migration and Human Rights offers a fresh perspective on human rights law and policy issues in the climate change regime by examining the interrelationships between various aspects of human rights, climate change and migration. Three key themes are explored: understanding the concepts of human dignity, human rights and human security; the theoretical nexus between human rights, climate change and migration or displacement; and the practical implications and challenges for lawyers and policy-makers of protecting human dignity in the face of climate change and displacement. The book also includes a series of case studies from Alaska, Bangladesh, Kenya and the Pacific islands which aim to improve our understanding of the theoretical and practical implications of climate change for human rights and migration. This book will be of great interest to scholars of environmental law and policy, human rights law, climate change, and migration and refugee studies.
Gradual and sudden environmental changes are resulting in substantial human movement and displacement, and the scale of such flows, both internal and cross-border, is expected to rise with unprecedented impacts on lives and livelihoods. Despite the potential challenge, there has been a lack of strategic thinking about this policy area partly due to a lack of data and empirical research on this topic. Adequately planning for and managing environmentallyinduced migration will be critical for human security. The papers in this volume were first presented at the Research Workshop on Migration and the Environment: Developing a Global Research Agenda held in Munich, Germany in April 2008. One of the key objectives on the Munich workshop was to address the need for more sound empirical research and identify priority areas of research for policy makers in the field of migration and the environment.