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“Cada tiempo tiene su forma peculiar de guerra”, escribió Clausewitz. Así, decía el militar prusiano, “quienes deseen entender la guerra tienen que dirigir su mirada atenta a los rasgos de la época en la que viven”. Por esta razón, quien quiera entender las amenazas a nuestra seguridad que corresponden a este incipiente Siglo XXI, tendrá que fijar su atención en la proliferación de los conflictos de carácter asimétrico. Los enfrentamientos crecen en complejidad, tienen un número cada vez mayor de nuevos actores, y suelen ser ajenos a los Estados. Entender la guerra en el Siglo XXI nos ofrece una reflexión sobre los conflictos de hoy en día como choque discursivo de poderes. Sus claves son ante todo políticas, y el factor propiamente militar pierde protagonismo frente a otros aspectos, como el poder mediático. Su autor, Federico Aznar, une a la condición de Oficial de la Armada la de Licenciado y Doctor en Ciencias Políticas. Es experto en cultura islámica y en relaciones con el Norte de África. Y ha combinado a lo largo de su carrera la actividad operativa con la experiencia docente, en un equilibrio entre la acción y la reflexión, entre las armas y las letras. En la era del conocimiento, el Capitán de Corbeta Aznar nos recuerda que la ignorancia no es fuente de paz, sino de parálisis. CARME CHACÓN. MINISTRA DE DEFENSA
This handbook explores how democracies around the world seek to balance democratic values with the requirement to protect their citizens from the threat of politically motivated violence. Over the past few decades, the majority of the world’s democracies have had to confront serious security threats, and in many instances these challenges have not come from rival states but from violent groups. This volume offers readers an overview of how some democracies have responded to such threats. It examines the extent to which authorities have felt compelled to modify laws to evade what would ordinarily be regarded as protected rights, such as personal privacy, freedom of movement and freedom of speech. Grounded in historical analysis, each of the sections addresses past and emerging security threats; legal and legislative responses to them; successful and unsuccessful efforts to reconcile democracy and security; and a range of theoretical questions. The case studies provided vary in terms of the durability of their democratic systems, level of economic development and the severity of the threats with which they have been confronted. The volume is divided into three thematic parts: Strong democracies: United States, Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Australia, New Zealand and Israel Challenged democracies: India, South Africa, Brazil, Argentina and Romania Fragile democracies: the Philippines and Nigeria. This book will be of much interest to students of democracy, security studies, political philosophy, Asian politics, Middle Eastern politics, African politics, West European politics and IR in general.
From the nineteenth century to the present, literary entanglements between Latin America and East Central Europe have been socio-politically and culturally diverse, but never random. The Iron Curtain, in particular, forced both regions to negotiate transatlantic «elective affinities», to take a stance in relation to the West, and to position themselves within world literature. As a result, the intellectual fields and creative productions of these regions have critically engaged with notions such as «post-imperial», «marginal», or «peripheral». In this edited volume, scholars from Germany, Brazil, Czech Republic, Hungary, Mexico, Poland, Slovenia, and Spain cross the globe from South to East and back to uncover transcultural and transareal convivialities. Their papers explore literary history, poetics, intellectual networks, and aesthetic theory, while discussing new key concepts in global literary history.
Modern Spain: 1808 to the Present is a comprehensive overview of Spanish history from the Napoleonic era to the present day. Places a large emphasis on Spain's place within broader European and global history The chronological political narrative is enriched by separate chapters on long term economic, social and cultural developments This presentation of modern Spanish history incorporates the latest thinking on key issues of modernity, social movements, nationalism, democratization and democracy
Composición Arquitectónica 1: Historia y análisis del proyecto arquitectónico: de Grecia a la Edad Media. Composición Arquitectónica 2: Historia y análisis del proyecto arquitectónico: del Renacimiento al siglo de las revoluciones. Composición Arquitectónica 3: Historia y análisis del proyecto arquitectónico: de la gestación de las vanguardias a la Primera Guerra Mundial. Composición Arquitectónica 4: Historia y análisis del proyecto arquitectónico: de las revisiones de la Modernidad a las últimas tendencias. Arquitectura e Ingeniería del siglo xx: Representación y construcción de una Modernidad intermedia. Paisajes Culturales: Desarrollo del programa europeo Teruel Life+.
The July 1936 coup d'tat against the Spanish Second Republic brought together a diversity of anti-Republican political and social groups under the leadership of rebel Africanista military officers. In the ensuing Civil War this coalition gradually came under the rule of Generalissimo Franco. This volume explores the hypothesis that the violence and combat experiences of the war were the fundamental ideological crucible for the Francoist regime. The rebels were a group of reactionary and anti-liberal forces with little ideological or political coherence, but they emerged from the conflict not only victorious but ideologically united under the dictator's power. Key to understanding this transition are the different political cultures of the rebel army, how the combatants' war experiences contributed to the transformation of diverse rebel groups, and the role of foreign armed intervention. The contributors examine not only the endogenous Spanish political and military cultures of the Francoist coalition, but also the transnational influence of foreign groups. The roots of Francoist political culture are found in the Falangist and Carlist militias, and Civil Guard units, that lent their support to the military rebellion. The war experiences of conscripts, colonial troops, and junior officers forged the Francoist ideology. It was reinforced by fascist influences and assistance from Germany and Italy, and the lesser-known contributions of Swiss and White Russian volunteers. At the beginning of the conflict the rebel side was not homogeneous. But it weaved together a complex, transnational web of political and military interests in the midst of a bloody and destructive war, transforming itself in the process to a political and dictatorial platform that was to rule Spain for many years.