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This documented briefing is intended to provide options for U.S. policy that will enhance China's participation in the control of international transfers of destabilizing military or dual use technology. The briefing analyzes China's involvement in and commitment to international export controls. It explores the need to engage China more fully in the international export control process and describes U.S. objectives and potential policy initiatives toward that end. Using knowledge about the operation of the Chinese bureaucratic system, especially in defense related research and development, the briefing describes a number of strategy options for U.S. policy, making it of interest to policymakers concerned with export control as well as to those specializing in the Chinese policy making process.
This documented briefing provides options for U.S. policy that will enhance China's participation in the control of international transfers of destabilizing military or dual-use technology.
Protecting U.S. security by controlling technology export has long been a major issue. But the threat of the Soviet sphere is rapidly being superseded by state-sponsored terrorism; nuclear, chemical, biological, and missile proliferation; and other critical security factors. This volume provides a policy outline and specific steps for an urgently needed revamping of U.S. and multilateral export controls. It presents the latest information on these and many other pressing issues: The successes and failures of U.S. export controls, including a look at U.S. laws, regulations, and export licensing; U.S. participation in international agencies; and the role of industry. The effects of export controls on industry. The growing threat of "proliferation" technologies. World events make this volume indispensable to policymakers, government security agencies, technology exporters, and faculty and students of international affairs.
China's export controls on equipment, materials, and technologies used to produce weapons of mass destruction (WMD) have evolved significantly since the early 1980s. This monograph examines the structure and operation of the Chinese government's system of controls on exports that could be used in the production of WMD and WMD-related delivery systems. The author identifies the key organizations involved in export control decisionmaking, relevant laws and regulations, and the interactions among government organizations involved in vetting sensitive exports.
This dissertation examines the making of US export control policy on dual-use technologies toward the People’s Republic of China (1979-2009). This facet of the Sino-American relationship has never been the subject of a monograph in the post-Cold War period. By relying on a large body of primary sources (170 interviews, declassified documents, congressional hearings, and Wikileaks), this work aims at partially filling this gap in the literature and at enriching the conceptual and methodological tools currently available for the study of foreign policy making. To do so, the proposed explanatory framework seeks to overcome the dichotomy ‘international versus domestic sources’ of foreign policy. On the one hand, this framework integrates three sets of variables – international, societal, and the state – while also examining their interactive interplay; on the other, it employs concepts and methods developed within the literature on the sociology of elites to identify the key actors involved in the decision-making process. This study shows that, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, a combination of structural, bilateral and domestic variables – and their reciprocal interactions – have eroded the capacity of the United States to restrict, both unilaterally and multilaterally, the transfer of dual-use technologies to China. In the strategic, economic, and technological environment of the post-Cold War era, using export controls, unilaterally or in concert, as a tool for technological/economic containment vis-à-vis China has become increasingly unviable.
The focus of arms control is changing. It now deals with issues affecting all nations and not just the super powers. A new framework for approaching non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and arms control could focus on a two-fold policy initiative. The first policy would be a new strategic "triad" built around conventional capability including rapidly deployable forces, regional ballistic missile defense, and long-range precision-strike capability. The second policy would employ an information strategy using the current diplomatic initiatives that appear to be the most productive, or unilateral and multilateral export controls, military assistance in the form of infrastructure, and confidence building measures. Continued success in arms control requires abandoning Cold War policies. Emerging policies will need to appreciate different world views. Good intelligence will be a key factor in the success of any policy orientation and its implementation. The focus needs to change from arms control involving the superpowers to arms control involving everyone.
This dissertation provides an explanation for recent standardization and growth of international export control regimes. I argue that neoinstitutionalist organization theory contributes to an explanation of these organizations which coordinate efforts to limit the spread of weapons-related technologies. The neoinstitutionalist approach claims that organizational structures are often not selected for maximal effectiveness at tasks such as controlling weapons-related exports. Rather, they are selected for their fit with norms shared within communities of organizations that interact regularly or share common tasks. The dissertation adapts and applies this literature to the subject of export control cooperation through process-tracing case studies of export control regimes such as CoCom and the Wassenaar Arrangement. I argue that a transnational community of organizations, or organizational field, has developed in the issue area of nonproliferation export controls. While extant theories of International Relations help explain the origins of international export control cooperation, they do not explain the extent or form such efforts have taken today. Shared norms in this issue area and copying of organizations perceived as successful explain the growth and standardization of multilateral nonproliferation regimes and international export control practices. These factors are highlighted by the sociological theories I draw upon. The case studies are constructed from archival data, interviews with policy makers, trade literature, and secondary sources.
The global implications of China's rise as a global actor In 2005, a senior official in the George W. Bush administration expressed the hope that China would emerge as a “responsible stakeholder” on the world stage. A dozen years later, the Trump administration dramatically shifted course, instead calling China a “strategic competitor” whose actions routinely threaten U.S. interests. Both assessments reflected an underlying truth: China is no longer just a “rising” power. It has emerged as a truly global actor, both economically and militarily. Every day its actions affect nearly every region and every major issue, from climate change to trade, from conflict in troubled lands to competition over rules that will govern the uses of emerging technologies. To better address the implications of China's new status, both for American policy and for the broader international order, Brookings scholars conducted research over the past two years, culminating in a project: Global China: Assessing China's Growing Role in the World. The project is intended to furnish policy makers and the public with hard facts and deep insights for understanding China's regional and global ambitions. The initiative draws not only on Brookings's deep bench of China and East Asia experts, but also on the tremendous breadth of the institution's security, strategy, regional studies, technological, and economic development experts. Areas of focus include the evolution of China's domestic institutions; great power relations; the emergence of critical technologies; Asian security; China's influence in key regions beyond Asia; and China's impact on global governance and norms. Global China: Assessing China's Growing Role in the World provides the most current, broad-scope, and fact-based assessment of the implications of China's rise for the United States and the rest of the world.