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Energy Balances and Energy Accounting, an extract from the book Energy Terminology: A Multilingual Glossary, is a multi-lingual glossary of different terms and concepts related to energy and energy accounting. The definitions covered in this book include general terms and concepts in the study of energy, energy balances, additional energy accounting terms, and energy use. Concise yet very informative, this book is a good reference for those who are studying or working in the field of physics, those who do not have English as their primary language, and those working in the countries that use French, Spanish, and German as their national language.
Material and energy balances are fundamental to many engineering disciplines and have a major role in decisions related to sustainable development. This text, which covers the substance of corresponding undergraduate courses, presents the balance concepts and calculations in a format accessible to students, engineering professionals and others who are concerned with the material and energy future of our society.Following a review of the basic science and economics, the text focuses on material and energy accounting in batch and continuous operations, with emphasis on generic process units, flow sheets, stream tables and spreadsheet calculations. There is a unified approach to reactive and non-reactive energy balance calculations, plus chapters dedicated to the general balance equation and simultaneous material and energy balances. Seventy worked examples show the elements of process balances and connect them with the material and energy concerns of the 21st century.
Material and energy (M&E) balances are fundamental to chemical (process) engineering, environmental engineering and industrial chemistry. This text presents M&E balance calculations in a compact, transparent format accessible to students and professionals in the above fields, and to others who want to quantify the physical progress of our civilization. The text embraces all topics covered in corresponding engineering undergraduate courses and deals with environmental and sustainability issues of current concern to society. The general balance equation is the foundation for a review of relevant science and economics, and hence, for material and energy accounting in batch and continuous chemical processes. The text focuses on SI units, using flowsheets and stream tables in computer spreadsheets to represent practical systems. Worked examples range from simple stoichiometry to modeling multi-unit recycle and unsteady-state processes.
Urban Climates is the first full synthesis of modern scientific and applied research on urban climates. The book begins with an outline of what constitutes an urban ecosystem. It develops a comprehensive terminology for the subject using scale and surface classification as key constructs. It explains the physical principles governing the creation of distinct urban climates, such as airflow around buildings, the heat island, precipitation modification and air pollution, and it then illustrates how this knowledge can be applied to moderate the undesirable consequences of urban development and help create more sustainable and resilient cities. With urban climate science now a fully-fledged field, this timely book fulfills the need to bring together the disparate parts of climate research on cities into a coherent framework. It is an ideal resource for students and researchers in fields such as climatology, urban hydrology, air quality, environmental engineering and urban design.
Comparability is considered by carbon accounting systems as an attribute of consistency, or making different items similar. However, financial accounting systems consider comparability as the ability to understand similarities and differences between objects. A gap exists entity-level comparability: our current carbon accounting systems make different items similar but are unable to depict differences. We propose a new carbon accounting system that uses energy accounting as a bridge from financial accounting. The system follows the conditions of comparability and introduces double entry bookkeeping into energy and carbon transactions. This paper proposes an energy balance sheet, energy gains and use statement, and an energy flow statement, with their carbon counterparts. We then construct the first half of the system: the energy/carbon asset stack and the energy/carbon flow statement. Our system keeps track of intrinsic, operational, and embodied energy and carbon attributes. We show how our system can differentiate between carbon embodied into products and equipment from carbon expended from operations. We also show how an energy salvage value can be derived by analyzing embodied energy at end-of-life. This enables integration of time-value characteristics to show different tradeoff options between up-front embodied energy and embodied carbon that locks in ongoing operational energy and carbon. Our system also implies improvements to valuation of energy storage resources, such as batteries, and thermal storage options. Finally, we show how a carbon flow statement can extract Scope 1, 2, and 3 for contemporary disclosure requirements.
This book presents a collection of papers that provide a snapshot of ongoing research on energy analysis, a record of the growing pains of a fledgling subject. The collection of papers arose out of a series of articles devised and designed for the journal Energy Policy.
Material and energy (M&E) balances are fundamental to biological, chemical, electrochemical, photochemical and environmental engineering disciplines and important in many fields related to sustainable development.This comprehensive compendium presents the basic M&E balance concepts and calculations in a format easily digested by students, engineering professionals and those concerned with related environmental issues.The useful reference text includes worked examples for each chapter and demonstrates process balances in the framework of M&E concerns of the 21st century. The additional problems and solutions in the Appendix embrace a wide range of subjects, from fossil fuels to fuel cells, solar energy, space stations, carbon dioxide capture and sodium-ion batteries.