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In its 2004 appropriations bill, Congress directed the Marine Mammal Commission to - review the biological viability of the most endangered marine mammal populations and make recommendations regarding the cost-effectiveness of current protection programs. This report identifies - the most endangered marine mammal populations in U.S. waters, evaluates the criteria and methods used to place marine mammal species and populations on the major protected species lists, and reviews current data on their biological status.
This book is divided into three major sections. The first discusses provisions of the MMPA and the ESA that form the foundation for most marine mammal protection programs. The second profiles protection programs for all 22 listed taxa. Each profile summarizes information on the taxon's status, major threats, management framework, critical habitat, recovery planning, major management actions, and staffing and funding levels. The third summarizes overall trends in protection programs for the listed species and populations, based on those profiles. Appendices include tables and charts with estimates of expenditures for related conservation programs, additional details regarding key provisions of the MMPA and the ESA, and information on the status of the various taxa.
The Commission reviewed 22 marine mammal taxa (i.e., species, subspecies, or population stocks) that occur regularly or entirely within U.S. waters and that are either listed as endangered or threatened under the Endangered Species Act or designated as depleted under the Marine Mammal Protection Act. The review considered methods for identifying taxa at elevated risk of extinction, evidence regarding their viability, threats to their conservation, and the current status and funding for recovery programs. The review also included an in-depth case study of the cost-effectiveness of recovery efforts for the North Atlantic right whale. Of the 22 taxa, 2 are not considered to be viable: the Caribbean monk seal is considered extinct and the AT1 population of killer whales appears to be on the verge of extinction. The remaining 20 taxa are considered viable; that is, they can persist and recover if human-related threats are identified and addressed. Historical data indicate that many wild species, including a number of marine mammal taxa, have recovered from low numbers when human-related threats were managed effectively.