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Electromagnetic waves generate radiation energy, and they play very significant roles in our lives. Electromagnetic waves are studied in almost every scientific field from astronomy, agriculture, chemistry, medicine to physics. This book focuses on heat transfer aspects of electromagnetic waves. There are twenty-four chapters in this book with their solutions to heat transfer from electromagnetic waves' radiation energy with different uses and problems related to our lives. Each problem solution also investigates the sensitivity of critical independent variables to governing dependent variables. In this book effects of electromagnetic waves that play significant roles in our lives through radiation heat transfer are investigated in twenty-four chapters. The approach to a problem's solution in a chapter starts with an overview of electromagnetic waves and basic laws of radiation heat transfer, mass transfer and fluid mechanics. Then simplifying engineering assumptions are discussed and governing equations, dependent and independent variables are identified. In some cases, where solutions to basic equations are not possible, past experimental studies are utilized. Solutions to governing equations are described and presented graphically. Also, analyses are extended to sensitivities of dependent variables to independent variables within the region of interest.
Comprehensive overview of the spectroscopic, mineralogical, and geochemical techniques used in planetary remote sensing.
Climate change is one of the most important environmental problems faced by Planet Earth. The majority of CO2 emissions come from burning fossil fuels for energy production and improvements in energy efficiency shows the greatest potential for any single strategy to abate global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the energy sector. Energy related emissions account for almost 80% of the EU's total greenhouse gas emissions. The building sector is the largest energy user responsible for about 40% of the EU's total final energy consumption. In Europe the number of installed air conditioning systems has increased 500% over the last 20 years, but in that same period energy cooling needs have increased more than 20 times. The increase in energy cooling needs relates to the current higher living and working standards. In urban environments with low outdoor air quality (the general case) this means that in summer-time one cannot count on natural ventilation to reduce cooling needs. Do not forget the synergistic effect between heat waves and air pollution which means that outdoor air quality is worse in the summer aggravating cooling needs. Over the next few years this phenomenon will become much worse because more people will live in cities, more than 2 billion by 2050 and global warming will aggravate cooling needs. - An overview of materials to lessen the impact of urban heat islands - Excellent coverage of building materials to reduce air condtioning needs - Innovative products discussed such as Thermo and Electrochromic materials
The three volumes in the PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRON OPTICS Series constitute the first comprehensive treatment of electron optics in over forty years. While Volumes 1 and 2 are devoted to geometrical optics, Volume 3 is concerned with wave optics and effects due to wave length. Subjects covered include:Derivation of the laws of electron propagation from SchrUdinger's equationImage formation and the notion of resolutionThe interaction between specimens and electronsImage processingElectron holography and interferenceCoherence, brightness, and the spectral functionTogether, these works comprise a unique and informative treatment of the subject. Volume 3, like its predecessors, will provide readers with both a textbook and an invaluable reference source.
The first full synthesis of modern scientific and applied research on urban climates, suitable for students and researchers alike.
An essential reference for researchers and students of planetary remote sensing on the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with planetary surfaces.
Reflectance and emittance spectroscopy are increasingly important tools in remote sensing and have been employed in most recent planetary spacecraft missions. They are primarily used to measure properties of disordered materials, especially in the interpretation of remote observations of the surfaces of the Earth and other terrestrial planets. This book gives a quantitative treatment of the physics of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with particulate media, such as powders and soils. Subjects covered include electromagnetic wave propagation, single particle scattering, diffuse reflectance, thermal emittance and polarisation. This new edition has been updated to include a quantitative treatment of the effects of porosity, a detailed discussion of the coherent backscatter opposition effect, a quantitative treatment of simultaneous transport of energy within the medium by conduction and radiation, and lists of relevant databases and software. This is an essential reference for research scientists, engineers and advanced students of planetary remote sensing.
This new up-to-date edition of the successful handbook and ready reference retains the proven concept of the first, covering basic and advanced methods and applications in infrared imaging from two leading expert authors in the field. All chapters have been completely revised and expanded and a new chapter has been added to reflect recent developments in the field and report on the progress made within the last decade. In addition there is now an even stronger focus on real-life examples, with 20% more case studies taken from science and industry. For ease of comprehension the text is backed by more than 590 images which include graphic visualizations and more than 300 infrared thermography figures. The latter include many new ones depicting, for example, spectacular views of phenomena in nature, sports, and daily life.
Rapid advances in materials technology are creating many novel forms of coatings for energy efficient applications in solar energy. Insulating heat mirrors, selective absorbers, transparent insulation and fluorescent concentrators are already available commercially. Radiative cooling, electrochromic windows and polymeric light pipes hold promise for future development, while chemical and photochemical processes are being considered for energy storage. This book investigates new material advances as well as applications, costs, reliability and industrial production of existing materials. Each contribution represents a landmark in the field of materials science.