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Emerging Issues in Export Competition: A Case Study of the Brazilian Market
Presents a collection of research findings on topical issues in international trade theory and policy. This work deals with trade liberalization and outsourcing. It examines trading clubs and preferential trading agreements. It features six chapters on the various aspects of trade and aid.
Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO used the Brazilian market as a case study and reviewed: (1) various export techniques that foreign trade competitors have developed to meet the import restrictions that restrain trade with developing countries; and (2) the trade issues that have emerged as a result of competition and the application of existing multilateral trade rules to those issues. GAO identified trade practices considered to be key factors in export competitiveness in Brazilian markets, including: (1) bilateral trade accords; (2) countertrade; (3) export financing; and (4) compliance with trade-related industrial policies. GAO found that U.S. exporters support accords because they are often at a disadvantage in overseas markets due to competitor government involvement. Countertrade has grown in a number of developing nations faced with foreign exchange shortages, and Brazil considers the willingness to countertrade a significant competitive factor in certain market sectors. Since competitor medium- and long-term export financing has almost dried up, the Export-Import Bank of the United States has been a leader in making continued support available to Brazil; however, the other competitor governments offer a wider range of export support programs. Brazil has been targeting certain industries for accelerated, government-supported national development because of its need to alleviate its balance-of-payments deficits. Foreign firms exporting to Brazil face protective import restrictions and investment performance requirements that provide protection for the local developing industries. Without established international discipline, there is wide latitude for foreign countries to respond to Brazil's industrial targeting practices, and the United States may need to engage in innovative trade arrangements to accommodate Brazil's financial problems, industrial targeting strategies, and procurement preferences.
This book seeks to answer the questions: how do the rules of international treaties on trade and investment apply to the new laws and policies relating to energy-related trade, and do the rules of the multilateral system contribute to or detract from sustainable development? An emerging set of new problems in the law of international trade is how to reconcile the rules of the multilateral trading system with shortages of certain natural resources and the necessity to develop renewable energy resources. The chapters in this book provide a comprehensive analysis of the international trade issues presented by national trade laws and policies with regard to natural resources and energy. This book is about the extent to which we are interpreting existing rules to cover emerging problems and how the rules of the multilateral trading system can be adapted to achieve sustainable development in natural resources and energy. The book begins with a survey of selected national laws relating to recent restrictions on the export of natural resources, both resources used to produce energy as well as natural resources essential for industrial production. After examining the range of such laws in selected important countries, we turn to the application of the rules of the multilateral trading system to such export restrictions. We discuss the major rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO) as well as the natural resources rules in selected regional preferential free trade agreements. While there is not a comprehensive global legal regime on competition law, we believe it is also important to examine how selected national competition laws impact export restrictions on natural resources. This book will be a major contribution to the international dialogue on international economic law issues with respect to trade in natural resources and energy.
This paper reviews, from the perspective of developing countries, the recent agreement reached at the 10th WTO Ministerial at Nairobi related to export competition, including exports subsidies, food aid, export credits and guarantees, and state trading enterprises (STEs). The legal and economic aspects of the agreement are examined, and the relevance of banning agricultural export subsidies are noted. This eliminates some of the worst-case scenarios, if agricultural world prices continue to soften and the important margin of export subsidies still allowed under the WTO framework was to be used. But given the relatively longer transition period for some relevant products before export subsidies are completely banned, the paper argues for continued monitoring of the potential use of this instrument. The paper also discusses the other components of export competition, looking into the legal and economic aspects. Some suggestions about continuous work on transparency and monitoring of current practices, and further disciplines are also presented.
Part of the "Frontiers in Economics & Globalization" series, this book deals with a range of trade and development issues in terms of the general equilibrium structure. It shows how neo-classical models of trade theory can be used to highlight many challenging global problems.