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Cleaning up known hazards at the 4,700 formerly used defense sites (FUDS) -- sites transferred to other owners before 10/86 -- will require 50+ years and cost $18 billion. This estimate excludes any additional needed cleanup of emerging contaminants -- generally, those not yet governed by a health standard. FUDS cleanup is the responsibility of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps). In addition to FUDS, DoD is responsible for cleaning up 21,500 sites on active bases and 5,400 sites on realigned or closed bases. This report examined: (1) the extent to which the Corps reevaluates sites to identify emerging contaminants; (2) how DoD allocates cleanup funds; (3) how the Corps prioritizes FUDS for cleanup; and (4) FUDS program overhead costs. Illus.
Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), often referred to as per- (and poly) fluorinated compounds (PFCs), have been used for years in many everyday3⁄4 and some lifesaving3⁄4 products. However, their use has been linked to adverse health effects in humans, a problem compounded by their persistence in the environment. This book discusses the various challenges of PFAS in our environment today, including their historical use as well as their chemical and toxicological properties. It also presents robust discussion of analytical challenges and special considerations in sampling. The work goes on to give practical recommendations for dealing with these compounds in today's dynamic regulatory landscape and includes several chapters on various remediation techniques. Key Features: Comprehensive overview of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) historical use and chemical/physical properties which help us understand their persistence, transport, and transformation pathways in the environment In-depth analysis of PFAS toxicology Detailed descriptions of conventional and state-of-the-art remediation technologies Practical recommendations for dealing with PFAS in a dynamic regulatory landscape Robust discussion of important sampling and analytical considerations Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Environment: Theory, Practice, and Innovation explores the challenges across the topical areas of regulation and management, toxicology, environmental remediation, and analytical sampling and analysis.Readers will find this text helpful in understanding complexities associated with PFAS and informing management strategies to effectively protect this and future generations.