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Festschrift celebrating 25 years of PREALC. Includes a description of activities and statements by former directors and prominent persons associated with the programme.
This study highlights the interaction between social protection (SP) programs and labor markets in the Latin America region. It presents new evidence on the limited coverage of existing programs and emphasizes the challenges caused by high informality for achieving universal social protection for old age income, health, unemployment risks and anti-poverty safety nets. It identifies interaction effects between SP programs and the behavioral responses of workers, firms and social protection providers, which can further undermine efforts to expand coverage, summarizing evidence from recent work across the region. The book argues for a re-design of financing to eliminate cross subsidies between members of contributory programs and subsidies that effectively tax income from formal employment. It advocates well-targeted, tax-funded, tapered subsidies to provide incentives to the savings efforts of low-income workers, coupled with an effective safety net for the extreme poor who have no capacity to contribute to financing their own social protection arrangements. It also argues for the consolidation of programs and harmonization of benefits packages across different insurers. The book develops an overall conceptual framework and presents in-depth analysis of the main SP sectors of pensions, health, unemployment insurance and labor market programs, and safety net transfers.
A region known for its volatility, Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) has suffered severe economic and social setbacks from crises—including the COVID-19 pandemic. These crises have taken their toll on careers, wage growth, and productivity. Employment in Crisis: The Path to Better Jobs in a Post-COVID-19 Latin America provides new evidence on the effects of crises on the region’s workers and firms and suggests several policy responses that can bolster long-term and inclusive economic growth. This report has three key findings. First, crises lead to persistent employment losses and accelerate structural changes away from the formal sector. This change occurs more through reductions in the creation of formal jobs than through job destruction. Second, some workers recover from crises, while others are permanently scarred by them. Low-skilled workers can suffer up to a decade of lower earnings caused by crises, while high-skilled workers rebound fast, exacerbating the LAC region’s high level of inequality. Formal workers suffer smaller employment and wage losses in localities with higher rates of informality. And the reduced job flows caused by crises decrease welfare, but workers in localities with more job opportunities, whether formal or informal, bounce back better. Third, crises’ cleansing effects can increase efficiency and productivity, but these effects are dampened by the LAC region’s less competitive market structure. Rather than becoming more agile and productive during economic downturns, protected sectors and firms gain market share and crowd out others, trapping valuable resources. This report proposes a three-pronged mix of policies to improve the LAC region’s responses to crises: • Create a more stable macroeconomic environment to smooth the impacts of crises, including automatic stabilizers such as unemployment insurance and short-term compensation programs; • Increase the capacity of social protection and labor programs to respond to crises and coalesce these programs into systems that complement income support with reemployment assistance and reskilling opportunities; and • Tackle structural issues, including the lack of product market competition and the spatial dimension behind poor labor market adjustment—a “good jobs and good firms†? agenda.
Bienvenidos a los Estados Unidos de America: Guia para inmigrantes nuevos U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services/U.S. Department of Homeland Security (Servicio de Ciudadania e Inmigracion/Departamento de Seguridad Nacional de los Estados Unidos de America) Esta guia detallada en espanol, titulada Bienvenidos a los Estados Unidos de America: Guia para immigrantes nuevos, es una publicacion de singular importancia patrocinada por el gobierno federal. La guia tiene como proposito ofrecer informacion y orientacion a aproximadamente 330,000 residentes permanentes nuevos de habla hispana a quienes los Estados Unidos de America da la bienvenida cada ano. La guia contiene informacion practica para ayudar a los inmigrantes nuevos a incorporarse a la vida diaria de nuestro pais, y contiene tambien una educacion civica basica que les presenta una introduccion al sistema de gobierno de la nacion. La version en espanol de esta guia acompana la version original en ingles, titulada Welcome to the United States: A Guide for New Immigrants ISBN: 0-16-072393-0. Other related products: Spanish Language resources collection can be found here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/catalog/spanish-language Immigration product collection can be found here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/catalog/citizenship-politics/immigration Other products produced by the U.S. Citizenship Immigration Services can be found here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/agency/531