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When Archbishop Makarios was toppled as President of Cyprus in a 1974 coup, and Turkish forces invaded the island, few saw Cyprus as part of the incipient drive to create a new Europe. Yet, as Pauline Green reveals here, behind the rhetoric of the politicians there is a growing view among Greek and Turkish Cypriots that the solution to Cyprus' problems lies within the gift of Europe. And yet the problems remain knotty - not least because of the highly sensitive and little-discussed role of the British military bases on the island, whose security and intelligence-gathering functions are so crucial to UK and US interests in the region. The author's analysis should interest those concerned not only with the future of Cyprus, Turkey and the Eastern Mediterranean, but also with the fate of the European Union itself.
During the Cold War era, relations between Greece and Turkey attracted the interest of the two superpowers, affected the objectives of the European Community and NATO and were regularly discussed within United Nations channels. Whereas existing studies on Greco-Turkish relations tend to focus on the various disputes between the two states of the Eastern Mediterranean and illustrate how continuous antagonism and aggression have dominated their interstate affairs, 'Greece and the American Embrace: Greek Foreign Policy Towards Turkey, the US and the Western Alliance' concentrates on the prospect of foreign intervention during the Cold War and considers the events and facts that brought about the conflict in the first place. Although a significant number of studies imply, or clearly support, the potential for foreign interference in Greece's domestic political environment and external affairs and the related conspiracy theories, few have exclusively concentrated their interest in exploring these allegations. Greece's relations with external powers constituted colourful events in contemporary history and became determining factors in the formation of Greek foreign policy. In fact, the assumption that the role of external powers was highly influential granted all the omnipresent advocates of 'conspiracy theories' a unique opportunity to call for Greece's disengagement from the western camp. Kassimeris makes extensive use of all relevant documentation to challenge the issue of 'foreign intervention' and the ways in which it encouraged speculation with regard to the objectives of Greek foreign policy, while also undermining the relationship between Greece and her western allies. Previously unpublished sources from the Congressional Reports, Karamanlis Archives, National Security Study Memorandums, Greek Parliamentary Proceedings, UN Resolutions and the US Department of State Documents are also included.
Formerly a British colony, the island of Cyprus is now a divided country, where histories of political and cultural conflicts, as well as competing identities, are still contested. Cyprus provides the ideal case study for this innovative exploration, extensively illustrated, of how the practice of photography in relation to its political, cultural and economic contexts both contributes and responds to the formation of identity. Contributors from Cyprus, Greece, the UK and the USA, representing diverse disciplines, draw from photography theory, art history, anthropology and sociology to explore how the island and its people have been represented photographically. They reveal how the different gazes- colonial, political, gendered, and within art photography- contribute to the creation of individual and national identities and, by extension, to the creation and re-creation of imagery of Cyprus as place. While Photography and Cyprus focuses on one geographical and cultural territory, the questions this book asks and the themes and arguments it follows apply also to other places characterized by their colonial heritage. The intriguing example of Cyprus thus serves as a fitting test-ground for current debates relating to photography, place and identity.
This edited volume of interdisciplinary essays considers the aspects of nation, identity, and collective experience in the notoriously divided island of Cyprus. The contributors examine the role of international politics particularly the involvement of Greece and Turkey and examine the changing relationship between the Greek and Turkish Cypriot communities since 1955. The book challenges prevailing assumptions about political and cultural identity in Cyprus and theorizes on the prospects for mobilizing more multi-dimensional and workable formations of community on Cyprus. The result is a tightly conceived volume, divided into sections of national identity, political possibilities, the location of culture, and social and psychological perspectives.
Scholars have long examined the relationship between nation-states and their "internal others," such as immigrants and ethnoracial minorities. Contested Embrace shifts the analytic focus to explore how a state relates to people it views as "external members" such as emigrants and diasporas. Specifically, Jaeeun Kim analyzes disputes over the belonging of Koreans in Japan and China, focusing on their contested relationship with the colonial and postcolonial states in the Korean peninsula. Extending the constructivist approach to nationalisms and the culturalist view of the modern state to a transnational context, Contested Embrace illuminates the political and bureaucratic construction of ethno-national populations beyond the territorial boundary of the state. Through a comparative analysis of transborder membership politics in the colonial, Cold War, and post-Cold War periods, the book shows how the configuration of geopolitics, bureaucratic techniques, and actors' agency shapes the making, unmaking, and remaking of transborder ties. Kim demonstrates that being a "homeland" state or a member of the "transborder nation" is a precarious, arduous, and revocable political achievement.
Music in Cyprus draws its authors from both sides of the divided island to give a rounded picture of musical culture from the beginning of the British colonial period (1878-1960) until today. The book crosses conventional scholarly divides between musicology and ethnomusicology in order to achieve a panorama of music, culture and politics. Shared practices of traditional music and dance are outlined, and the appropriation of those practices by both communities in the aftermath of the de facto division of the island is examined. Art music (European and Ottoman) is also discussed, both in terms of the structures of musical life and the creative praxes of composers, and there is an account of the early stages of a popular music industry. The authors consider such questions as: What is the role of different musics in defining national, regional, social and cultural identities in Cyprus? How do Cypriot alterities illuminate European projects of modernity? And what has been the impact of westernization and modernization (and, conversely, of orientalization) on music in Cyprus? The book will be of interest to students and academics working not only in both historical musicology and ethnomusicology, but also in the history and anthropology of Cyprus and of the entire Greek-Anatolian region.
Performing a political identity usually involves more than just casting a vote. For Left-wingers in Turkey, Greece and Cyprus – countries that emerged as the only non-socialist constituents of South-eastern Europe after WWII – political preference meant immersion to distinct ways of life, to ‘cultures’: in times of dictatorship or persecution, the desire to find alternative ways to express themselves gave content to these cultures. In times of political normality, it was the echoes of such memories of precarity and loss that took the lead. This book explores the intersection between the politics and cultures of the Left since the sixties in Turkey, Greece and Cyprus. With the use of 12 case studies, the contributors expose the moments in which the Left has been claimed and performed, not only through political manifestos and traditional political boundaries, but also through corporeal acts, discursive practices and affective encounters. These are all transformed into distinct modalities of everyday life and conduct, which are commemorated, narrated or sung, versed, painted, or captured in photographic images and on reels of tape. By focusing on culture and performance, this book highlights the complex link between nationalism and internationalism in left-wing cultures, and illuminates the entanglements between the ways in which left-wingers experienced transitions from dictatorship to democracy and vice versa. As the first book to analyse cultures and performances of the Left in the three countries, The Politics of Culture in Turkey, Greece and Cyprus causes a rethinking of the boundaries of political practice and fosters new understandings of the formation of diverse expressions of the Left. As such, it will be a valuable resource for students and scholars of cultural and social anthropology, modern European history and political science.
This book analyzes the events that impacted the structure and competitive processes of the two dominant Cypriot political factions while under the watchful eye of British rule. Based on new archival research, Alecou addresses the social and political environment in which the Cypriot Communists and Nationalists fought each other while at the same time had to fight the British Empire. The differences between communists and nationalists brought the two sides to a frontal collision in the wake of the events of the Greek civil war. The class conflict within Cypriot society would at some point inevitably lead, in one way or another, to a clash between the two factions. The civil war in Greece constituted another field of conflict between Left and Right, accelerating the formation of a bipolar party system in which the vertical division of the Greek community in Cyprus eventually expressed itself.
European countries work together in crisis management, conflict prevention and many other aspects of security and defence policy. Closer cooperation in this policy arena seems to be the only viable way forward to address contemporary security challenges. Yet, despite the repeated interaction, fundamental assumptions about security and defence remain remarkably distinct across European nations. This book offers a comparative analysis of the security and defence policies of all 27 EU member states and Turkey, drawing on the concept of ‘strategic culture’, in order to examine the chances and obstacles for closer security and defence cooperation across the continent. Along the lines of a consistent analytical framework, international experts provide case studies of the current security and defence policies in Europe as well as their historical and cultural roots. ​