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The term “Separation Processes” refers to processes that transform a stream containing a mixture of two or more components into pure or concentrated single component product streams. During the last decades, due to the development of adsorption processes and emerging new porous materials, the adsorption processes are considered to be effective and economic means for separation of different gas and liquid mixtures at different operating conditions. The heart of the adsorption process is the adsorbent, whose performance determines the efficiency of the separation system. As a result, selecting the appropriate adsorbent is crucial for the specific gas and liquid mixture separation in terms of selectivity, capacity, recovery, and life time. In order to determine the optimum adsorbent for a particular separation of interest, thorough characterization is carried out involving the following measurements and analysis: surface (textural) characterization, adsorption equilibria, and detailed kinetics, e.g., diffusivity. This study provides systematic investigations of measurement techniques that were developed to determine, kinetics, equilibrium and the governing mass transfer mechanism for single and multi-component adsorption in nanoporous adsorbents. The main objective is focused on development and application of new and fast screening methods for adsorbents’ selection, and new as well as extend traditional methodologies to measure equilibrium, and selectivity of gas mixtures and liquid solutions. One of the screening techniques, for liquid adsorption developed in this study, is based on gas chromatography (GC) headspace technique. A new methodology was developed using liquid calibration technique. In addition, the earlier developed vapor calibration headspace technique was extended to non-ideal solutions. The newly developed technique was shown to provide significant advantages, e.g., more time effective as a result of direct liquid composition determination from the sampled vapor phase and using the simpler experimental setup by eliminating the injection of separate vapor streams required by the vapor calibration technique. Binary and multi-component solutions were also analyzed by applying both GC headspace techniques. Another important fast screening technique (differential column technique) was developed in this study for binary gas mixture analysis, e.g., adsorption of binary mixtures of CO2, CO and C2H4 on NaY zeolite. The novel technique measures binary mixture isotherms accurately and time effectively utilizing a simple experimental setup based on the fractional desorption measurements. The proposed techniques were compared to standard characterization techniques, e.g., gravimetric and chromatographic, to prove reliability of the proposed methods. A number of adsorption systems, e.g., CO2, CO, light hydrocarbons, ethylene and xylene isomers on zeolites and carbon molecular sieves, were chosen for the development and application of these methods. In addition, an in depth study was conducted to elucidate sorption mechanisms of adsorption systems where separation is controlled by complex kinetic-steric effects, as in a case of carbon molecular sieves (CMS) for separation of smaller molecules.
This text discusses the synthesis, characterization, and application of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for the purpose of adsorbing gases. It provides details on the fundamentals of thermodynamics, mass transfer, and diffusion that are commonly required when evaluating MOF materials for gas separation and storage applications and includes a discussion of molecular simulation tools needed to examine gas adsorption in MOFs. Additionally, the work presents techniques that can be used to characterize MOFs after gas adsorption has occurred and provides guidance on the water stability of these materials. Lastly, applications of MOFs are considered with a discussion of how to measure the gas storage capacity of MOFs, a discussion of how to screen MOFs to for filtration applications, and a discussion of the use of MOFs to perform industrial separations, such as olefin/paraffin separations. Throughout the work, fundamental information, such as a discussion on the calculation of MOF surface area and description of adsorption phenomena in packed-beds, is balanced with a discussion of the results from research literature.
This book is intended to present for the first time experimental methods to measure equilibria states of pure and mixed gases being adsorbed on the surface of solid materials. It has been written for engineers and scientists from industry and academia who are interested in adsorption based gas separation processes and/or in using gas adsorption for characterization of the porosity of solid materials. This book is the result of a fruitful collaboration of a theoretician (JUK) and an experimentalist (RS) over more than twelve years in the field of gas adsorption systems at the Institute of Fluid- and Thermodynamics (IFT) at the University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany. This collaboration resulted in the development of several new methods to measure not only pure gas adsorption, but gas mixture or coadsorption equilibria on inert porous solids. Also several new theoretical results could be achieved leading to new types of so-called adsorption isotherms based on the concepts of molecular association and – phenomenologically speaking – on that of thermodynamic phases of fractal dimension. Naturally, results of international collaboration of the authors over the years (1980-2000) also are included.
Gas Separation by Adsorption Processes provides a thorough discussion of the advancement in gas adsorption process. The book is comprised of eight chapters that emphasize the fundamentals concept and principles. The text first covers the adsorbents and adsorption isotherms, and then proceeds to detailing the equilibrium adsorption of gas mixtures. Next, the book covers rate processes in adsorbers and adsorber dynamics. The next chapter discusses cyclic gas separation processes, and the remaining two chapters cover pressure-swing adsorption. The book will be of great use to students, researchers, and practitioners of disciplines that involve gas separation processes, such as chemical engineering.
The aim of this book is to provide all those involved in designing and running adsorption processes with a guide to adsorption technology and design.
The purpose of the Workshop was to share knowledge on the latest advances on adsorption processes for environmental security and protection, as well as to disseminate the main results and achievements of recent NATO Science-for-Peace projects on environmental security and protection. This volume provides a comprehensive report on adsorption and colloids phenomena, carbon materials and adsorbents for various industrial applications, ecological safety and antiterrorism.
Adsorption is the basis of various emerging technologies that will be essential for addressing the problems of technologies that will be essential for addressing the problems of energy conservation and environmental protection. This volume reviews recent progress and outlines the outlook for future development in adsorption theories, kinetics, pressure swing adsorption, SMB, and new nanoporous adsorbents. The contributions cover the fundamental knowledge and methodologies for adsorption experiments and calculations regarding equilibria, heat effects, adsorbent structural modeling, diffusion measurement, and selectivity control. The volume also includes topics concerning hydrogen storage, desulfurization of fuels, and chiral separation. The contributors are internationally renowned scholars in the field of adsorption. Sample Chapter(s). Foreword (31 KB). Chapter 1: Adsorption Kinetics: Theory, Applications and Recent Progress (801 KB). Contents: Adsorption Kinetics: Theory, Applications and Recent Progress (D M Ruthven); New Nanoporous Adsorbents (A Kondo et al.); Supercritical Adsorption Mechanism and Its Impact to Application Studies (L Zhou et al.); Structural Modeling of Porous Carbons Using a Hybrid Reverse Monte Carlo Method (S K Jain et al.); A New Methodology in the Use of Super-Critical Adsorption Data to Determine the Micropore Size Distribution (D D Do et al.); Phase Behavior of Simple Fluids Confined in Coordination Nanospace (M Miyahara & T Kaneko); Optimisation of Adsorptive Storage: Thermodynamic Analysis and Simulation (S K Bhatia & A L Myers); Large Scale CO Separation by VPSA Using CuCl/Zeolite Adsorbent (Y C Xie et al.); The ZLC Method for Diffusion Measurements (S Brandani); and other papers. Readership: Graduate students and researchers in chemistry, chemical engineering, material sciences, as well as professionals in the energy and environmental sectors.
Adsorption by Carbons covers the most significant aspects of adsorption by carbons, attempting to fill the existing gap between the fields of adsorption and carbonaceous materials. Both basic and applied aspects are presented. The first section of the book introduces physical adsorption and carbonaceous materials, and is followed by a section concerning the fundamentals of adsorption by carbons. This leads to development of a series of theoretical concepts that serve as an introduction to the following section in which adsorption is mainly envisaged as a tool to characterize the porous texture and surface chemistry of carbons. Particular attention is paid to some novel nanocarbons, and the electrochemistry of adsorption by carbons is also addressed. Finally, several important technological applications of gas and liquid adsorption by carbons in areas such as environmental protection and energy storage constitute the last section of the book. The first book to address the interplay between carbonaceous materials and adsorption Includes important environmental applications, such as the removal of volatile organic compounds from polluted atmospheres Covers both gas-solid and liquid-solid adsorption
New Directions in Sorption Technology focuses on the developments in sorption technology, including sorbents, chromatography, pressure swing adsorption, and bioseparations involving sorption. The selection first offers information on coherence concept; an overview of coherence in the chromatographic movement of surfactant mixtures; and technological maturity of sorption processes and sorbents. The book then ponders on kinetic separation of air by pressure swing adsorption; conception of a new adsorption process for purifying landfill gas at the Kapiteltal Landfill Site in West Germany; and sizing of vacuum pumps for desorption in PSA systems. The manuscript takes a look at the evaluation of macroreticular resins as gas/vapor sorbents to rival active carbons and use of surfactant-enhanced carbon regeneration to remove volatile organics from spent activated carbon. Discussions focus on characterization of pores, development of porous polymers, cleaning, and resin preparation. The novel applications of continuous annular chromatography and chromatographic study of aqueous phase adsorption on activated carbon fiber with bacterial growth are also mentioned. The selection is a valuable source material for chemists and readers interested in sorption technology.
Fundamentals of Adsorption contains 2 plenary lectures and 96 selected papers from the IVth International Conference, Kyoto, May, 1992. The topics cover a wide range of studies from fundamentals to applications: characterization of porous adsorbents, molecular simulation, adsorption isotherms, diffusion in adsorbents, breakthrough detection, chromatography, pressure swing operation, etc. Model studies on adsorption, surface characterization, microporosimetry, molecular simulations of equilibrium and diffusion, computer simulation of adsorption beds, and many theoretical studies are also included. Special attention is given to: bulk gas separation and purification, solvent recovery, bioproduct separation, environmental pollution control, methane storage, adsorption cooling and resources recovery.