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Membrane filters are partially permeable layers made of cellulose esters which are employed to separate coarsely dispersed and colloidal particle sizes from substances. The electron microscope is necessary in many cases in order to make visible the particles separated by the filter. Since the membrane filter by reason of its film thickness ranging from 50 to 200 microns is impermeable to electrons, preparation problems result, and it is to the solution of these that the work concerns.
2.6.2 Electrodes for Electrochemistry
Surface Engineering of Polymer Membranes covers the processes that modify membrane surfaces to improve their in-service performance, meaning, to confer surface properties which are different from the bulk properties. Purposes may be to minimize fouling, modulate hydrophilicity/ hydrophobicity, enhance biocompatibility, create diffusion barriers, provide functionalities, mimic biomembranes, fabricate nanostructures, etc. First, the basics of surface engineering of polymer membranes are covered. Then topics such as surface modification by graft polymerization and macromolecule immobilization, biomimetic surfaces, enzyme immobilization, molecular recognition, and nanostructured surfaces are discussed. This book provides a unique synthesis of the knowledge of the role of surface chemistry and physics in membrane science. Dr. Zhikang Xu of the Institute of Polymer Science of Zhejiang University has eight Chinese patents and in 2006 was honored as a Distinguished Young Scholar by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NNSFC).
Reliable methods to predict membrane scaling and fouling are important tools in the control of these phenomena. This dissertation focuses on the development and application of methods to predict and prevent barium sulphate scaling and particulate fouling in membrane filtration systems.
A method is described for preparing membrane filters for electron microscopic observation.