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Electromagnetic moisture measurement technologies have proven to be valuable tools in diverse applications. This monograph covers basic aspects of nondestructive electromagnetic methods of water content determination and relates to the associated highly multidisciplinary field of research and development. It also presents a comprehensive selection of relevant field-tested methods and instruments. The fundamentals of electromagnetic field interactions with dipolar materials are briefly discussed, with special attention towards the dielectric properties of water and aqueous solutions. A tutorial and overview of electromagnetic measurement methods is presented, including dielectric spectroscopy in broad frequency and time domains, as well as dielectric imaging techniques. This review is complemented by a demonstration of successful real-world implementations for the moisture determination of soils, snow, buildings and building materials, food and agricultural goods, as well as various industrial products. The text is completed by a guide concerning the use of reference liquids for the calibration of sensors and instrumentation and by a bibliography of more than 850 references. The monograph is useful as a reference book for researchers and engineers and as a textbook for upper-level students interested in the water content determination of materials.
Mformation about a material can be gathered from its interaction with electromagnetic waves. The information may be stored in the amplitude, the phase, the polarisation, the angular distribution of energy transportation or the spectral characteristics. When re trieved from the wave, certain material properties may thus be determined indirectly. Compared on the one hand to direct material analysis, an indirect method requires calibration and is prone to interference from undesired sources. On the other hand, however, it permits the determination of features inaccessible by direct methods, such as non-destructive material interrogation, high measurement speed, or deep penetration depth. However, being a physical method, the use of electromagnetic waves is still handicapped by the lack of acceptance by many chemists, who are used to applying direct approaches. Historically, the first application of electromagnetic wave interaction with mat ter involved measurement of amplitude changes at a single frequency caused by material properties, and it is still used today by some systems. This approach was soon supplemented by single frequency phase measurements, in order to avoid distortions through amplitude instabilities or parasitic reflections. Such single pa rameter measurements of course require dependence only on one variable in the measured process and sufficient stability of all other ancillary conditions. If that is not the case, the single parameter measurement fails.
This book is dedicated to various aspects of electromagnetic wave theory and its applications in science and technology. The covered topics include the fundamental physics of electromagnetic waves, theory of electromagnetic wave propagation and scattering, methods of computational analysis, material characterization, electromagnetic properties of plasma, analysis and applications of periodic structures and waveguide components, and finally, the biological effects and medical applications of electromagnetic fields.
The first book to address all theoretical and practical aspects of electromagnetic wave interaction with water and moist materials, this unique book features 29 full-length, peer-reviewed papers prepared by 69 of the world's experts in aquametry for a key Workshop held in conjunction with the IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium in Atlanta, Georgia, 1993. Collectively, the papers illustrate the physical background of microwave techniques used for moisture content determination, present stimulating examples of applications of microwaves for nondestructive and accurate measurements, and demonstrate successful implementation of techniques in a variety of industries.
The aim of this selection of papers is to bring together researchers working very deep in the basics of electromagnetic NDT on one hand and industrialist discussing their practical problems on the other hand. The papers cover topics as; Microwave applications and Material Characterization; General Eddy Current Inspection Tasks; Novel Techniques and Sensors; Magnetic Flux leakage Inspection; Steam Generator Eddy Current Inspection Tasks; and Material Characterization. Especially Novel Techniques and Sensors and Material Characterization are discussed on multiple papers. This publication gives a good overview of the many scientific problems in this area, but also explains the actual challenges for the scientific-technical community, like problems with in-line inspection of pipelines or the enhancing of the inspection performance in steam generator tubes inspection in the nuclear field. The material is important for scientists and engineers working in the field of electromagnetic non-destructive testing, in defect detection and sizing, as well as in material characterization.
FIELDS AND WAVES IN ELECTROMAGNETIC COMMUNICATIONS A vital resource that comprehensively covers advanced topics in applied electromagnetics for the professional Electromagnetism (EM) is a highly abstract and complex subject that examines how exerting a force on charged particles is affected by the presence and motion of adjacent particles. The interdependence of the time varying electric and magnetic fields—one producing the other, and vice versa—has allowed researchers to consider them as a single coherent entity: the electromagnetic field. Under this umbrella, students can learn about numerous and varied topics, such as wireless propagation, satellite communications, microwave technology, EM techniques, antennas, and optics, among many others. Fields and Waves in Electromagnetic Communications covers advanced topics in applied electromagnetics for the professional by offering a comprehensive textbook that covers the basics of EM to the most advanced topics such as the classical electron theory of matters, the mechanics model and macroscopic model. Specifically, the book provides a welcome all-in-one source on wireless and guided EM that deals in a wide range of subjects: transmission lines, impedance matching techniques, metallic waveguides, resonators, optical waveguides, optical fibres, antennas, antenna arrays, wireless systems, and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), and more. The content is supported with innovative pedagogy, the most recent reports and working principles of relevant and contemporary technological developments including applications, specialist software tools, laboratory experiments, and innovative design projects. Fields and Waves in Electromagnetic Communications readers will also find: Multiple practical examples, similes and illustrations of interdisciplinary topics related to wireless and guided electromagnetism Explanations of new topics with support of basic theories connected to real-world contexts and associated applications Sets of technology applications that rely on advanced electromagnetism A series of review questions and drills, end-of-chapter problems, and exercises to help enforce what was learned in each chapter Fields and Waves in Electromagnetic Communications is an ideal textbook for graduate students and senior undergraduates studying telecommunication and wireless communication. It is also a useful resource for industry engineers and members of defense services. Moreover, the book is an excellent non-specialist engineering reference able to be used in other disciplines, such as biomedical engineering, mechatronics, computer science, materials engineering, civil and environmental engineering, physics, network engineering, and wireless services.
Moisture analysis covers a variety of methods for measuring high levels of moisture, as well as trace amounts, in solids, liquids, or gases. There are many applications where trace moisture measurements are indispensable for manufacturing and for process quality assurance. Trace moisture in solids must be controlled for plastics, pharmaceuticals and heat treatment processes. Measurement applications in gases and liquids include, for example, drying processes, hydrocarbon processing, pure gases in the semiconductor industry, natural gas pipeline transport, the conditioning of food and other products. Written by experts with over 20 years of experience in the field, this one-stop guide covers all aspects of these measurements, including both the theory and a wealth of practical know-how. As such, it includes guidelines on installation, on the realization of standards for absolute and relative humidity, verification and traceability measurements, equipment calibration methods and the latest research developments. Backed by numerous case studies, this practical book serves the needs of those working in the industry tasked with performing or developing new techniques and processes for moisture and humidity measurement. As a result, the scientist or engineer has all the information required for accurate, reliable, economically viable and efficient moisture measurement.
This book is aimed at the majority of audiences who need to rapidly obtain a concise overview of soil moisture measurement and management. Many existing soil moisture textbooks cater for a traditional market where readers rely on years of study presented in a slender discipline. The evolution of segmental schemes has meant that soil moisture is now often included as a part of broad-based soil science programs. For those opting to specialise in soil moisture, this is a good book to choose. This book will be very useful to students, researchers and other readers who do not hold a traditional scientific background, such as those studying geography, environment science, ecology and agriculture. This book provides a concise overview of soil moisture knowledge.
Selected, peer reviewed papers from the 2011 International Conference on Manufacturing Science and Technology, (ICMST 2011), September 16-18, 2011, Singapore