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Electrical conductivity is a parameter which characterizes composition and physical state of the Earth's interior. Studies of the state equations of solids at high temperature and pressure indicate that there is a close relation be tween the electrical conductivity of rocks and temperature. Therefore, measurements of deep conductivity can provide knowledge of the present state and temperature of the Earth's crust and upper mantle matter. Infor mation about the temperature of the Earth's interior in the remote past is derived from heat flow data. Experimental investigation of water-containing rocks has revealed a pronounced increase of electrical conductivity in the temperature range D from 500 to 700 DC which may be attributed to the beginning of fractional melting. Hence, anomalies of electrical conductivity may be helpful in identitying zones of melting and dehydration. The studies of these zones are perspective in the scientific research of the mobile areas of the Earth's crust and upper mantle where tectonic movements, processes ofthe region al metamorphism and of forming mineral deposits are most intensive. Thus, in the whole set of research on physics of the Earth the studies of electrical conductivity of deep-seated rocks appear, beyond doubt, very important.
Electromagnetic induction (EM) techniques are used in recharge/discharge studies by providing measurements of the apparent electrical conductivity of soil profiles. This booklet provides a summary of EM techniques that are most widely used. A number of case studies are presented which demonstrate the applications of the techniques to field problems.
Electromagnetism and the Earth's Interior reviews the earth's magnetic fields in terms of physical processes that are occurring in the earth's interior. The book describes the distribution of the earth's magnetic field in terms of declination, horizontal intensity, and vertical intensity. The dynamo theory concerns the self-exciting electric generation in the interior of the earth, and can account for any geomagnetic secular variation. A workable laboratory model—a dynamo mechanism of Lowes and Wilkinson (1963) has a significant role on the dynamo theory for the model actually demonstrated Herzenberg's proof that was developed mathematically. The text also describes various aspects of long-term geomagnetic variations, such as the decrease in the dipole moment, the reversal of the geomagnetic field, the drift of eccentric dipole, the fluctuation in the length of day, and the geomagnetic secular variation. The book also investigates the possible effects of the ocean on geomagnetic variations. The characteristics of transient geomagnetic variations on islands can point to a possible special underground structure. The book is suitable for geologists, astrophysicists, seismologists, and students of the natural sciences.
At the heart of this book is the generalized theoretical approach that is applied to investigate the geoelectrical structure of the Earth’s mantle. It also analyzes the results of regional and global induction sounding of the Earth’s mantle and compares them with the results obtained by other geophysical methods. The generalized theoretical approach employs the Induction Law as a basis for identifying extended relations between magnetic field components, including their plane divergence, impedances and spatial derivatives. The estimations of impedance values and spatial derivatives are performed using the theory of stochastic processes. The book also considers the external sources of magnetic fields used for sounding the Earths mantle from the modern theory perspective, as well as the problem of coincidence of magneto-variation and magnetotelluric methods. Further, it discusses secular variations in the Earth’s resistance caused by non-induction sources, factors that are correlated with the number of earthquakes in the region and shifted in time with global indexes. It is a valuable resource for scientists applying deep induction soundings or interested in the structures of and processes in the Earth’s interior.
On January 20-21, 1964, the Institute for Space Studies of the Goddard Space Flight Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, was host to an international group of astronomers, physicists, and Earth scientists, gathered to discuss the Earth-Moon system. This was the sixth in a continuing series of interdisciplinary meetings on topics in space physics held at the Institute. The conference was organ ized by G.J.F. MacDonald, of the University of California at Los Angeles, and by R.H. Dicke, of Princeton University. The working title of the conference was "The Dynamics of the Earth-Moon System," and indeed much of the contents of this proceedings volume is concerned with dynamical problems, but the conference dealt with many other topics concerning the Earth-Moon system, and hence we have adopted the shorter title for this volume. The conference proceedings have been somewhat rear·· ranged from the order in which the papers were actually presented. In doing this the editors are exercising hindsight to bring together closely related discussions. The first paper, by D. Brouwer, discusses the motions and moments of inertia of the Moon and their relation to the lunar figure and composition. From this discussion it emerges there remain many uncertainties in the motion of the Moon associated with the lunar composition and the distribution of its mass.