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This book describes a robust, low-cost electrochemical sensing system that is able to detect hormones and phthalates – the most ubiquitous endocrine disruptor compounds – in beverages and is sufficiently flexible to be readily coupled with any existing chemical or biochemical sensing system. A novel type of silicon substrate-based smart interdigital transducer, developed using MEMS semiconductor fabrication technology, is employed in conjunction with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to allow real-time detection and analysis. Furthermore, the presented interdigital capacitive sensor design offers a sufficient penetration depth of the fringing electric field to permit bulk sample testing. The authors address all aspects of the development of the system and fully explain its benefits. The book will be of wide interest to engineers, scientists, and researchers working in the fields of physical electrochemistry and biochemistry at the undergraduate, postgraduate, and research levels. It will also be highly relevant for practitioners and researchers involved in the development of electromagnetic sensors.
This book covers the recent advances in photovoltaics materials and their innovative applications. Many materials science problems are encountered in understanding existing solar cells and the development of more efficient, less costly, and more stable cells. This important and timely book provides a historical overview, but concentrates primarily on the exciting developments in the last decade. It includes organic and perovskite solar cells, photovoltaics in ferroelectric materials, organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite, materials with improved photovoltaic efficiencies as well as the full range of semiconductor materials for solar-to-electricity conversion, from crystalline silicon and amorphous silicon to cadmium telluride, copper indium gallium sulfide selenides, dye sensitized solar cells, organic solar cells, and environmentally-friendly copper zinc tin sulfide selenides.
This volume contains the papers presented at the UNESCO Scientific Forum on Chemistry in the Service of Mankind - Electrochemistry in Research and Development, held in Paris, June 4-6, 1984. Electrochemistry is concerned with the way electricity produces chemical changes and in turn chemical changes result in the production of electricity. This interaction forms the basis for an enormous variety of processes ranging from heavy industry through batteries to biological phenomena. Although there are many established applications, modern research has led to a great expansion in the possibilities for using electrochemistry in exciting future developments. To encourage this progress, UNESCO has set up an Expert Committee on Electrochemistry and its Applications in the European and North American region, which has already held a number of meetings devoted to specific topics. To achieve a synthesis of the main directions of development and to demonstrate the importance of these for the needs of our modern society, the Expert Committee organized a Forum on Electrochemistry in Research and Development. The object of this was to assess the future trends in research and development and to establish a dialogue between experts in electrochemistry and their colleagues in the many other disciplines which can make use of electrochemistry. The Forum was also intended to present electrochemistry and its applications in a form accessible to non-specialists so that science policy-makers will be aware of the potentialities of this subject for the future needs of mankind.
Food Safety 1990: An Annotated Bibliography of the Literature is an annotated bibliography containing literature on food safety and foodborne diseases that were published during the latter half of 1989 and the first half of 1990. Around 2,000 scientific journals are surveyed and articles from over 400 sources are included in this volume. The book is divided into three parts. Part I discusses topics about the relationship between diet and health such as the correlation of diet and diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases, as well as the other effects of diet on health. Part II covers the different safety measures to be observed in the preparation of food, as well as the effects of food toxicity and contamination. Part III tackles the diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, and parasites found in food. The text is recommended for food technologists, nutritionists, and health personnel who would like to know more about food safety and its advances.
This report considers the biological and behavioral mechanisms that may underlie the pathogenicity of tobacco smoke. Many Surgeon General's reports have considered research findings on mechanisms in assessing the biological plausibility of associations observed in epidemiologic studies. Mechanisms of disease are important because they may provide plausibility, which is one of the guideline criteria for assessing evidence on causation. This report specifically reviews the evidence on the potential mechanisms by which smoking causes diseases and considers whether a mechanism is likely to be operative in the production of human disease by tobacco smoke. This evidence is relevant to understanding how smoking causes disease, to identifying those who may be particularly susceptible, and to assessing the potential risks of tobacco products.
This sixth volume in the book series Progress in HPLC-HPCE examines the enhancement of high- performance liquid chromatography through the development of an advanced mode of electrochemical detection (ECD) --- the coulometric array detection --- from its initial, yet problematic, amperometric (thin-layer) design to the highly sensitive, selective and stable coulometric (flow-through) design. Unlike amperometric electrodes, the coulometric electrode is 100% efficient and measures signals from all of the analyte passing through it, which leads to improved sensitivity as well as unique selectivity. The coulometric electrode array offers the resolution of the photodiode array with the extreme sensitivity of an electrochemical detector.
Thoroughly updated to accommodate recent research and state-of-the-art technologies impacting the field, Volume 2: Residues and Other Food Component Analysis of this celebrated 3 volume reference compiles modern methods for the detection of residues in foods from pesticides, herbicides, antibacterials, food packaging, and other sources. Volume 2 evaluates methods for: establishing the presence of mycotoxins and phycotoxins identifying growth promoters and residual antibacterials tracking residues left by fungicides and herbicides discerning carbamate and urea pesticide residues confirming residual amounts of organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides detecting dioxin, polychlorobiphenyl (PCB), and dioxin-like PCB residues ascertaining n-nitroso compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons tracing metal contaminants in foodstuffs
Current Toxicology Series Series Editors Diana Anderson Tno Bibra International Ltd, Surrey, UK Michael D Waters Consultant, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Timothy C Marrs Department of Health, London, UK Food Borne Carcinogens Heterocyclic Amines Edited by Minako Nagao, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Japan Takashi Sugimura, National Cancer Center, Japan Food Borne Carcinogens provides a comprehensive review of the genotoxic and carcinogenic activities of heterocyclic amines (HCAs) found in cooked foods. This unique and timely publication describes the latest research and offers an insight into new developments. Key topics covered include: * Combination effects of HCAs in carcinogenesis * Genetic alterations in animal tumours induced by HCAs * Adduct levels yielded in humans by ordinary exposure levels * Genetic polymorphisms in HCA metabolic enzymes and suspected individual differences in susceptibility to HCA carcinogenesis Written by world-renowned experts in the field, this book will be essential reading for toxicologists and cancer researchers working within industry, academia and government, particularly, food scientists, genetic toxicologists, biochemists, nutritionists and those investigating risk evaluation of HCA's and the regulation of environmental carcinogens. It will also be of interest to other scientists involved in the identification of naturally occurring antimutagens and anticarcinogens.